视盘倾斜综合征(tilted disc syndrome, TDS)是一种以视盘形态和位置异常为主要特征的先天性眼底异常。其典型表现为视盘呈椭圆形、向下或向鼻侧倾斜，并伴随着周围脉络膜和视网膜色素上皮的发育异常。这些解剖结构的改变对患者的视功能产生深远的影响，并可能导致一系列眼部并发症的发生，如视盘旁高反射卵圆样团块状结构、脉络膜血管病变以及黄斑区病变等。在TDS的诊断过程中，通常依赖于眼底检查、光学相干断层扫描以及视野检查等多种方法的结合，以全面评估视盘的形态和功能。尽管TDS的研究已有多年，但其确切的发病机制尚不完全明确。现有研究表明，遗传因素、发育异常以及环境因素可能在TDS的发生中发挥重要作用。此外，TDS与其他眼部疾病之间的关系也是当前研究的热点问题。例如近视性视盘倾斜、视盘水肿、青光眼、视神经肿瘤等疾病在临床上常常需要与其进行鉴别诊断，以确保患者能够获得准确的诊断和适当的治疗。文章旨在全面回顾TDS的研究进展，包括其定义、流行病学特征、病理生理机制、相关视功能异常、诊断方法以及相关并发症，以期使临床医生更好地理解这一疾病的特征和机制，从而为患者的临床管理和治疗方案提供更为全面的指导。

Tilted disc syndrome (TDS) is a congenital retinal abnormality characterized primarily by the abnormal shape and position of the optic disc. Its typical presentation includes an oval-shaped optic disc that is tilted downward or nasally, accompanied by developmental anomalies of the surrounding choroid and retinal pigment epithelium. These anatomical changes can have profound effects on the visual function of patients and may lead to a range of ocular complications, such as peripapillary hyper reflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS), choroidal vascular lesions, and macular region pathologies. In the diagnostic process of TDS, a combination of methods is typically employed, including fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual field testing, to comprehensively assess the morphology and function of the optic disc. Despite years of research on TDS, its exact pathogenesis remains not fully understood. Existing studies suggest that genetic factors, developmental abnormalities, and environmental influences may play significant roles in the occurrence of TDS. Furthermore, the relationship between TDS and other ocular diseases is also a current area of research interest. For instance, conditions such as myopic tilted disc, optic edema, papilledema and optic nerve tumors often require differential diagnosis in clinical practice to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnoses and appropriate treatments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research progress on TDS, including its definition, epidemiological characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms, associated visual function abnormalities, diagnostic methods, and related complications. The goal is to enhance clinical understanding of the features and mechanisms of this condition, thereby providing more comprehensive guidance for the clinical management and treatment strategies for patients.

      老年性黄斑变性(Age-related maeular degeneration，AMD)是老年人视力损伤和致盲的主要原因。视网膜的高耗氧性，高长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量，作为氧自由基的靶点和暴露于可见光的特性使其易产生氧化应激。大量研究均显示抗氧化营养素有助于老年性黄斑变性的防治，本文就其最新研究进展进行综述。

Age-related macular degeneration ( AMD)is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairent and blindness in elderly people. The retina seems particularly susceptible tooxidative stress because of its high concentration ofoxygen,polyunsaturated fatty acids, targets as oxygen free radical, and exposure to visible light.Multiple studies have suggested that antioxidative nutrients can play a role in slowing the onset or limiting the effects of AMD. The article has reviewed the latest research progress of antioxidative nutrients and age-related macular degeneration. 

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders，NMOSD)是一种中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘性疾病，以视神经、脊髓和大脑受累为主要特征，该疾病易复发且致盲、致残率高，严重威胁人类视力和健康。目前NMOSD病因尚不明确，现有治疗方案也无法彻底治愈NMOSD，而动物模型是探索其发病机制与病理生理特点的重要工具。NMOSD动物模型主要建立在抗水通道蛋白4抗体(anti-aquaporin 4 immunoglobulin G，AQP4-IgG)致病基础上，主要包括破坏或绕过血脑屏障(blood brain barrier，BBB)被动转移AQP4-IgG或AQP4特异性T细胞等，目前还没有一种动物模型可以完整模拟人类NMOSD的临床和病理特征，因此在研究中选择合适的动物模型对相关研究至关重要。

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is mainly characterized by the involvement of the optic nerve, spinal cord and brain. The disease is prone to relapse and has a high rate of blindness and disability, which seriously threatens human vision and health. At present, the etiology of NMSOD is not clear, and the existing treatment schemes can’t completely cure NMOSD. Animal models are important tools to explore its pathogenesis and pathophysiological characteristics. NMOSD animals were mainly established on the basis of anti-aquaporin 4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG), including destroying or bypassing the blood-brain barrier and passively transferring AQP4-IgG or AQP4 specific T cells. At present, no animal model can completely simulate the clinical and pathological characteristics of human NMOSD. Therefore, it is important to select appropriate animal models for the study. This article reviews various animal models of NMOSD in recent years, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various models, in order to provide references for the study of the progress and treatment of NMOSD.