Abstract: Timely and widely available, social media (SM) platforms and tools offer new and exciting learning opportunities in medical education. Despite scarce, we sought for a body of consistent evidence allowing us to substantially approach the concept of SM and how physicians as learners and medical educators can use SM based-education to benefit their clinical practice and their patients’ outcomes. We correlate education theories with the progression of world-wide web phases and how this influences the process of teaching and learning. We mention some examples of SM tools already in use in healthcare education. Potential advantages and effectiveness SM in medical education, as well as limitations of SM and pre-requisites for its use are discussed. Our concluding remarks underline the good practices in effectively utilizing SM in healthcare education.

Abstract: Ophthalmology residency training programs need authentic methods of assessment to show that trainees have learned and can do what is expected upon graduation. Written and oral examinations are necessary to assess knowledge but other methods are needed to assess skill. Workplace-based assessments (WPBAs) should be utilized to observe resident skill in the clinic and during surgery. Several such assessment tools have been published and validated. These tools have the additional benefit of facilitating specific formative feedback and thus can be used for both teaching and assessing.

Abstract: Congenital ptosis is an abnormally low position of the upper eyelid, with respect to the visual axis in the primary gaze. It can be present at birth or manifest itself during the first year of life and can be bilateral or unilateral. Additionally, it may be an isolated finding or part of a constellation of signs of a specific syndrome or systemic associations. Depending on how much it interferes with the visual axis, it may be considered as a functional or a cosmetic condition. In childhood, functional ptosis can lead to deprivation amblyopia and astigmatism and needs to be treated. However, even mild ptosis with normal vision can lead to psychosocial problems and correction is also advised, albeit on a less urgent basis. Although, patching and glasses can be prescribed to treat the amblyopia, the mainstay of management is surgical. There are several types of surgical procedure available depending on the severity and etiology of the droopy eyelid. The first part of this paper will review the different categories of congenital ptosis, including more common associated syndromes. The latter part will briefly cover the different surgical approaches, with emphasis on how to choose the correct condition. In spite of many complex factors inherent to the treatment of congenital ptosis, the overall outcomes are quite satisfactory, and most surgeons feel that ptosis management can be both challenging and rewarding at the same time.

Abstract: Inherited retinal diseases (IRD) are a leading cause of blindness in the working age population. The advances in ocular genetics, retinal imaging and molecular biology, have conspired to create the ideal environment for establishing treatments for IRD, with the first approved gene therapy and the commencement of multiple therapy trials. The scope of this review is to familiarize clinicians and scientists with the current landscape of retinal imaging in IRD. Herein we present in a comprehensive and concise manner the imaging findings of: (I) macular dystrophies (MD) [Stargardt disease (ABCA4), X-linked retinoschisis (RS1), Best disease (BEST1), pattern dystrophy (PRPH2), Sorsby fundus dystrophy (TIMP3), and autosomal dominant drusen (EFEMP1)], (II) cone and cone-rod dystrophies (GUCA1A, PRPH2, ABCA4 and RPGR), (III) cone dysfunction syndromes [achromatopsia (CNGA3, CNGB3, PDE6C, PDE6H, GNAT2, ATF6], blue-cone monochromatism (OPN1LW/OPN1MW array), oligocone trichromacy, bradyopsia (RGS9/R9AP) and Bornholm eye disease (OPN1LW/OPN1MW), (IV) Leber congenital amaurosis (GUCY2D, CEP290, CRB1, RDH12, RPE65, TULP1, AIPL1 and NMNAT1), (V) rod-cone dystrophies [retinitis pigmentosa, enhanced S-Cone syndrome (NR2E3), Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (CYP4V2)], (VI) rod dysfunction syndromes (congenital stationary night blindness, fundus albipunctatus (RDH5), Oguchi disease (SAG, GRK1), and (VII) chorioretinal dystrophies [choroideremia (CHM), gyrate atrophy (OAT)].

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a fast, non-invasive imaging modality that provides detailed information on retinal and choroidal vascular flow and macular structure. OCTA offers an accurate three-dimensional view of the individual retinal vascular plexuses and the choriocapillaris which facilitates the detection of the microvascular abnormalities in a variety of macular diseases. The perfusion indices (vessel density and flow index) are valuable parameters evaluated by OCTA that allow a quantitative interpretation of changes in the retinal vasculature that can reflect the severity of disease. Crystalline retinopathy encompasses a group of conditions whose distinctive feature is the presence of retinal crystals often located in the posterior pole. Select crystalline retinopathies also demonstrate retinal vascular abnormalities as well. Considering that the OCTA is a novel imaging modality and crystalline retinopathies are relatively rare conditions, there are currently few reports of OCTA findings associated with crystalline retinopathy. The advent of OCTA allows visualization of vascular and structural changes in crystalline retinopathies that are unique and cannot be appreciated on other imaging modalities, including fluorescein angiography (FA). This article reviews novel OCTA findings which provide new insights in the pathogenesis of crystalline retinopathies, including Bietti crystalline retinopathy, talc retinopathy, macular telangiectasia type 2, tamoxifen retinopathy, and Sj?gren-Larsson Syndrome maculopathy.

Abstract: Uveitis can cause significant visual morbidity and often affects younger adults of working age. Anterior uveitis, or inflammation limited to the anterior chamber (AC), iris, and/or ciliary body comprises the majority of uveitis cases. Current clinical biomarkers and conventional grading scales for intraocular inflammation are mostly subjective and have only a moderate degree of interobserver reliability, and as such they have significant limitations when used in either clinical practice or research related to uveitis. In recent years, novel imaging techniques and applications have emerged that can supplement exam findings to detect subclinical disease, monitor quantitative biomarkers of disease progression or treatment effect, and provide overall a more nuanced understanding of disease entities. The first part of this review discusses automated algorithms for optical coherence tomography (OCT) image processing and analysis as a means to assess and describe intraocular inflammation with higher resolution than that afforded by conventional AC and vitreous cell ordinal grading scales. The second half of the review focuses on anterior segment OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) in scleritis and iritis, especially with regards to their ability to directly image and characterize the pathologic structures and vasculature underlying these diseases. Finally, we briefly review experimental animal research with promising but more distant human clinical applications, including in vivo molecular microscopy of inflammatory markers and investigation of gold nanoparticles as a potential contrast agent in OCT imaging. Imaging modalities are discussed in the broader context of trends within the field of uveitis towards greater objectivity and quantifiable outcome measures and biomarkers.

Abstract: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH) is a bilateral granulomatous panuveitis associated with serous retinal detachments and vitritis, and can be associated with extraocular manifestations of meningismus, poliosis, vitiligo, hearing loss, and headaches. It is mediated by CD4+ T cells that target melanocytes in the eye, ear, meninges, and skin. It classically presents in 4 different phases: prodromal, uveitic, convalescent, and recurrent. There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the disease in recent years, and options for treatment have also expanded beyond systemic corticosteroids though these remain the mainstay of therapy in patients with VKH. This brief review will focus on updates in the diagnosis and treatment of VKH, specifically advances in imaging techniques including the use of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT parameters that are diagnostically predictive of acute VKH compared to other exudative maculopathies include the presence of subretinal membranous structures, a high retinal detachment, subretinal hyperreflective dots, and RPE folds. Evaluations of choroidal thickness using EDI-OCT demonstrate predominant involvement of the outer choroid in the acute inflammatory phase of VKH, consistent with histopathological analysis. OCTA may emerge as an alternative to fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine angiography (ICGA) but is limited at this time due to its small field of view. While the mainstay of treatment of acute VKH continues to be systemic corticosteroids, biological response modifiers (BRMs) such as adalimumab and infliximab have been shown to be effective in the management of adult and pediatric VKH with one benefit being a faster onset of action compared to conventional immunosuppression. Literature Search: A literature search was done in PubMed using the words “Vogt Koyanagi Harada” “imaging” “diagnosis” “treatment” “therapy “posterior uveitis”.