Abstract: Orbital fractures generally do not cause eyelid malposition. Studies have shown that mostly eyelid malposition is mainly due to the choice of surgical approaches of orbital fracture repair. Approaches are divided into transcutaneous and transconjunctival ones. The application of orbital fracture approaches depends on fractures’ range and the surgeons’ preferences. Eyelid malposition after orbital fracture surgery is not only an aesthetic concern but also a functional complication, which will cause eyes discomfort, such as corneal exposure and ocular irritation. Some patients may have multiple types of eyelid malposition. In this review, we summarized the surgical approaches of orbital fractures and the complications including scar, ectropion, retraction, entropion, flattening, laceration and lacrimal canaliculus avulsion and notch deformity that associated with eyelid, especially the lower eyelid. Reports revealed that the scar usually occurred in infraorbital incisions compared with subtarsal and subciliary incisions, and the transconjunctival approach had a higher incidence of entropion and flattening, and less ectropion than the transcutaneous approach. Meanwhile, pathogenesis of eyelid malposition after orbital fracture surgery are discussed. Furthermore, to prevent eyelid malposition complications, doctors should choose the appropriate orbital fracture approach according to the patient’s needs, and delicate tissue management, technical expertise, and meticulous hemostasis are necessary. Conservative treatment with taping, lubricating ointment, and steroid for eyelid malposition complications should be performed first, and then surgical intervention when the conservative treatment fails.

Abstract: Congenital ptosis is an abnormally low position of the upper eyelid, with respect to the visual axis in the primary gaze. It can be present at birth or manifest itself during the first year of life and can be bilateral or unilateral. Additionally, it may be an isolated finding or part of a constellation of signs of a specific syndrome or systemic associations. Depending on how much it interferes with the visual axis, it may be considered as a functional or a cosmetic condition. In childhood, functional ptosis can lead to deprivation amblyopia and astigmatism and needs to be treated. However, even mild ptosis with normal vision can lead to psychosocial problems and correction is also advised, albeit on a less urgent basis. Although, patching and glasses can be prescribed to treat the amblyopia, the mainstay of management is surgical. There are several types of surgical procedure available depending on the severity and etiology of the droopy eyelid. The first part of this paper will review the different categories of congenital ptosis, including more common associated syndromes. The latter part will briefly cover the different surgical approaches, with emphasis on how to choose the correct condition. In spite of many complex factors inherent to the treatment of congenital ptosis, the overall outcomes are quite satisfactory, and most surgeons feel that ptosis management can be both challenging and rewarding at the same time.

Abstract: A smooth and timely fitting of a visually appealing, custom-made eye prosthesis after the loss of an eye is not only essential from a cosmetic point of view but above all facilitates good social and psychological rehabilitation. Cryolite glass prostheses must be replaced at least once a year, PMMA prostheses polished once a year and renewed every five years. In children, especially in growth phases, the fit of the prosthesis should be checked at least every six months and adjusted, if necessary. Ocularists and ophthalmologists should determine an individual cleaning procedure together with the patient, which depends on both the prosthesis material and external factors. Complications such as allergic, giant papillary, viral, and bacterial conjunctivitis or even blepharoconjunctivitis sicca must be detected and treated at an early stage to avoid discomfort and to maintain the ability of prosthesis wear. In the case of inflammation-induced shrinkage of the conjunctival fornices or post-enucleation socket syndrome, surgical interventions are necessary. In summary, an early supply with an eye prosthesis, adequate treatment of complications, and attention to psychological aspects, form the basis for a successful long-term rehabilitation of anophthalmic patients.

Background: To investigate the microstructural features of parapapillary gamma zone and beta zone and their relationship with three-dimensional optic disc shape in non-myopic eyes.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 62 non-myopic eyes with parapapillary gamma or beta zone and 70 control eyes. On the spectral domain optical coherent tomography (SD-OCT) images, we measured the area of gamma zone and beta zone, the length of border tissue, and related disc parameters. The disc ovality index, disc rotation degrees around three axes, Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO) ovality ratio were calculated based on the SD-OCT images.

Results: The parapapillary gamma zone composed by externally oblique border tissue was found in inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants of the non-myopic eyes. The presence of gamma zone in non-myopic eyes was correlated with smaller disc ovality index, larger rotation degree around vertical and horizontal axes, and larger BMO ovality ratio (P<0.001). Compared with the non-temporal gamma zone group, eyes with temporal gamma zone had a longer axial length and rotated more around vertical axes (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the area of gamma zone was correlated with the disc ovality index (P<0.001). The presence and area of beta zone was correlated with age (P<0.01).

Conclusions: In non-myopic eyes, the parapapillary gamma zone composed by external oblique border tissue was significantly associated with the disc ovality and disc rotations around vertical and horizontal axes. From a biomechanical perspective, parapapillary gamma zone may contribute to the optic disc stability in association with the structure of BMO.

Abstract: Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) refers to both paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic forms of a rare, acquired retinal degeneration thought to be mediated by the production of antiretinal antibodies. However, the mechanisms underlying AIR pathogenesis are incompletely understood, and it remains a diagnosis of exclusion given the lack of definitive testing as well as its protean clinical presentation. This review summarizes the current literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of AIR, with a focus on non-paraneoplastic disease and the potential role of immunomodulatory therapy. A recent expert consensus statement on diagnosis and management of non-paraneoplastic AIR served as a framework for interpreting the limited data available, a process that was complicated by the small sample sizes, heterogeneity, and retrospective nature of these studies. Additional work is needed to characterize AIR patients on the basis of cytokine and immunogenetic profiling; to establish the pathogenicity of antiretinal antibodies; and to standardize treatment regimens as well as assessment of clinical outcomes.

Abstract: Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a devastating syndrome characterized by panuveitis, retinal necrosis, and a high rate of retinal detachment that may result in poor visual outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated. ARN is most commonly caused by viruses within the herpesvirus family. Etiologies include varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus, and may be promptly diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction testing of aqueous or vitreous fluid. The true incidence of ARN is not known due to its rarity; as a result, clinical treatment is often guided by retrospective case series, case reports, and expert opinion. Standard of care has evolved over time but currently includes a combination of systemic and intravitreal antiviral in conjunction with topical or oral steroids and surgical therapy as needed. Combination therapy may reduce the rate of severe vision loss and increase the rate of visual acuity gain, although further studies are needed in this area. In particular for patients with mild to moderate disease, combination therapy may reduce the rate of retinal detachment. Adjunctive therapies including oral corticosteroid and prophylactic laser barricade are incompletely studied, but corticosteroid in particular, may reduce inflammation, which also is involved in the severe disease pathogenesis observed in ARN. This review discusses the advances in diagnosis and treatment of ARN, including management with combination antiviral medication and surgical interventions.

Abstract: An intestinal dysbiosis is connected to a number of inflammatory diseases through various mechanisms relating to its effect on immune cell function and differentiation. This is a review of the literature summarizing our current understanding of intestinal microbial contributions to non-infectious uveitis and strategies to target the intestinal microbiome to treat uveitis. Several groups have demonstrated an intestinal dysbiosis associated with certain types of non-infectious uveitis. Additionally, approaches to treat uveitis by modifying the intestinal microbiota, such as oral antibiotics or administration of oral short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are intestinal bacterial metabolites produced by fermentation of dietary fiber, can successfully treat uveitis in mouse models. This reduction in severity of ocular inflammation occurs via the following mechanisms: enhancement of regulatory T cells, decreasing intestinal permeability, and/or affecting T cell trafficking between the intestines and the spleen. Other strategies that are directed at the intestinal microbiota that might be effective to treat uveitis include dietary changes, probiotics, or fecal microbial transplantation. The commensal gut bacteria are influential in systemic and intestinal mucosal immunity and thus contribute to the development of extraintestinal inflammation like uveitis. Targeting the intestinal microbiome thus has the potential to be a successful strategy to treat non-infectious uveitis.