G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in signal transduction in various physiological and pathological processes, including vision. GPCRs are expressed in the retina, and their activation by neurotransmitters and hormones initiates signal transduction pathways that mediate phototransduction and vision. Müller cells, the major glial cells of the retina, are important players in the regulation of retinal homeostasis, and they express a variety of GPCRs, which are involved in the regulation of their functions.

MicroRNA-26b (miR-26b) is a member of the miRNA-26 family. As a gene expression regulator, it plays an important regulatory role in biological processes such as cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy,invasion and metastasis. In recent years, with the in-depth study on miR-26b, researchers found that miR-26b stably exists in the cornea, conjunctival epithelium, lens, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, aqueous humor, vitreous, retina and other ocular tissues. More study results confirmed that miR-26b acted on eye diseases, and played an important regulatory role in diseases occurrence and development, such as pterygium, cataract, proliferative vitreo retinopathy,proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, etc. This article reviews the research progress of miR-26b in eye diseases recently, to provide a theoretical basis on molecular mechanisms involving in the role of miR-26b in eye diseases.

Glaucoma is the leading cause for irreversible blindness in the world, which is associated with progressive retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. The changes in optic disc structure have been found before visual function variation in many patients. Detecting changes in the structure of the optic disc R is crucial for the diagnosis of early glaucoma. Recently, a new optic disc parameter, Bruce's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) , has been increasingly widely used in clinical practice and become a popular parameter in current clinical research. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)is an important diagnostic indicator for glaucoma. Many studies indicated that BMO-MRW and RNFL have similar diagnostic performance. In some glaucoma cases with unclear optic disc structure, such as myopia and abnormal optic disc, BMO-MRW provides better diagnostic parameter than RNFL does. It also plays a role in monitoring the changes of glaucoma. Some studies also stated the limitation of the application of this parameter in glaucoma postoperative follow-up. This artice reviews the clinical application of BMO-MRW in diagnosis and follow-up of open-angle glaucoma,providing reference for clinical practicers.

Ultrasound cyclo-plasty (UCP) is a novel technique for ciliary body surgery, which has been applied to treat different types of glaucoma. UCP works on the cilary body highly and selectively with the micro high-intensity focused ultrasounds (HIFU) to achieve a mild, controllable, and stable intraocular pressure(IOP) effect. Compared with the traditional ciliary body destruction surgery, UCP is simple operation, efficiency, high repeatability, and high safety.This article reviews the research progress in the UCP treating various types of glaucoma, from its origin, structural characteristics, mechanism, efficacy, characteristics, and safety.

Focal choroidal excavation (FCE) is a retinopathy, expressing with a depression in photoreceptor cell layer and retinal pigment layer towards the choroidal layer. The pathogenesis is recongized as congenital choroidal developmental abnormalities, inflammation, or infection. Based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), FCE can be classified by three methods: the situation of photoreceptor separating from the retinal pigment upper cortex, morphological features, or central choroidal thickness. FCE is usually associated with other diseases such as choroidal neovascularization. This article reviews the current clinical research on FCE.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a serious eye disease threatening vision. Surgery is main treatment currently, and surgery approaches include pneumatic retinopexy (PR), scleral buckling (SB), and pars plana vitrectomy(PPV). There is still controversy over the selection of RRD surgery approaches, so it is great significant to study and develop clinical strategies for RRD surgery approaches. The surgical plans for RRD patients are often related to clinical factors, such as the patient’s age, retinal detachment time, type, location, quantity, size, etc. This article reviews the related clinical factors affecting the surgical decision for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Cannabidiol(CBD), a non-addictive active ingredient in cannabis extract, is one of the most popular plant-derived cannabinoids. The study on the endoenuous cannabionoid system (ESC) has made significant progress in the ocular surface and retina. CBD exists extensively in the eyeball, and its distrution and functions of anti-inflammatory,antiinjury, reducing intraocular pressure, and neuroprotective effects have been found. This article introduces the research progress in CBD in eye diseases and the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol for various eye diseases in detailed.Furthermore, the challenges and prospect for the application of CBD in clinical ophthalmology were discussed.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate analog with anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.It is widely used in clinical practice to treat various diseases, including malignant tumors and autoimmune diseases.MTX is used for treating eye diseases by local injection or whole-body administration. Its safety and efficacy have been confirmed. The intravitreal injection can reduce the whole-body use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents, so it is applied in ophthalmology increasingly. The specificity of MTX has been found in its application in special patients, such as men and women in pregnancy preparation period, pregnant women, lactating women, children, adolescents and the elderly. The dosage varies from patient to patient. Common adverse reactions to low-dose MTX include gastrointestinal symptoms, liver dysfunction, etc. Serious adverse reactions are relatively rare, but pharmaceutical monitoring is still necessarily needed. This review summaries the usage and adverse reactions of MTX in clinical practice, to provide reference for its application in clinical practice in ophthalmology.

We describe a case illustrating a novel technique using indocyanine green gel for the surgical excision of conjunctival lymphangiectasia (CL). A 50-year-old male presented with CL on the nasal side of his left eye. Surgical excision was performed where, during the procedure, indocyanine green (ICG) gel, a mixture of ICG and Viscoat, was injected into the cystic lesion using a 1ml syringe with a 30-gauge needle. The entire cystic lesion with an intact cyst wall was successfully dissected, and no sutures were used. The patient has remained asymptomatic during nine months of follow-up. The use of ICG gel may be a novel technique to facilitate the identification and complete removal of CL with an intact cyst wall.

Purposes: To evaluate the accuracy of the newer-generation artificial intelligence (AI) -based intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formula. Methods: This retrospective study included a total of 262 eyes from 262 patients with senile cataract who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation. Keratometry, corneal white-to-white, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and axial length were measured using the IOLMaster 700. The third-generation formulas (SRK/T, Holladay 1, and Hoffer Q), Barrett Universal II (BUII), and the newer-generation AI formulas (Kane, Pearl-DGS, Hill-RBF 3.0, Hoffer QST, and Jin-AI) were utilized for IOL power calculation and compared with the actual postoperative refractive state. After adjusting the prediction error (PE) to zero, the standard deviation (SD), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and the percentage of a PE within the range of ±0.25 diopter (D), ±0.50 D, ±1.00 D, and ±2.00 D were analyzed. Results: The SD, MAE, and MedAE for AI-based IOL power formulas ranged from 0.37 D (Kane and Jin-AI) to 0.39 D (Hoffer QST), 0.28 D (Hill-RBF 3.0 and Jin-AI) to 0.31 D (Hoffer QST), and 0.21 D (Hill-RBF 3.0 and Jin-AI) to 0.24 D (Hoffer QST), respectively. These values were all lower than those of the third-generation formula (SD: 0.43 D to 0.45 D; MAE: 0.34 D; MedAE: 0.25 D to 0.28 D). Among all the formulas, the Jin-AI formula had the highest proportion of a PE within ±0.50 D (84.73%), followed by Kane (84.35%) and BUII (83.97%) formulas. Conclusions: The newer AI-based IOL formula demonstrates greater accuracy compared to the traditional third-generation ones, thereby enabling a higher number of patients achieving the intended refractive outcomes following surgery.