目的：调查八年制临床医学生对眼科学直播课堂的满意度及教学效果。方法：基于八年制临床医 学生的直播课堂教学体验视角，进行问卷调查、课堂测验及课程考试，问卷内容包括调查对象基 本情况、直播课堂教学评价及满意度3个部分。采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果：共 92名学生完成了问卷调查，男37名，女55名，年龄为(22.9±0.71)岁。课堂内容、课堂资源、平台设 计、平台技术及学习交流5个纬度的得分为40.60±4.582、17.43±2.814、13.07±1.759、13.14±2.052、 20.82±2.685；其中，与线下课堂交流相似性、学习交流积极性2个子条目的得分最低，分别为 3.42±1.131、3.85±0.864，这二者具有相关性(r=0.276，P=0.008)。直播课堂满意度的总得分为 13.52±1.872，课堂内容对其有显著影响(P<0.001)，标准化回归系数为0.687。相较于课前测验，课 测验成绩(65.9±11.4分)的提升差异具有统计学意义(P=0.033)；但是与2013级相比，2015级学生的 课程考试成绩(72.6±7.0分)降低，差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。结论：课堂内容对直播课堂教学满 意度具有重要影响，需要注意直播课堂与线下课堂交流方式的差异，改进学习交流的参与积极性， 以提升教学效果。

Objective: To investigate the satisfaction and teaching effect of 8-year program medical students in live-streamed classroom on ophthalmology. Methods Based on teaching experience of live-streamed classroofrom the perspective of the 8-year program medical students, a questionnaire survey, classroom tests and course examination were conducted. The content of the questionnaire includes 3 parts: the basic information of the respondents, evaluation of live-streamed classroom teaching and its satisfaction. The SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 92 students completed the questionnaire survey, including 37 males and 55 females, aged (22.9±0.71) years. The sores of content, resource, platform design, platform technology and learning communication of live-streamed classroom were 40.60±4.582, 17.43±2.814, 13.07±1.759, 13.14±2.052 and 20.82±2.685, respectively. Among all items, the scores of the similarity of offline classroom communication styles and enthusiasm for communication were lowest, with the points of 3.42±1.131 and 3.85±0.864, respectively, and the correlation of the two items were statistically significant (correlation coefficient =0.276, P=0.008). The total score of the live-streamed classroom satisfaction was 13.52±1.872. The classroom content has a significant effect on the satisfaction of the live-streamed classroom (P<0.001), and the standardized regression coefficient is 0.687. Compared with the pre-class test, the post-class test score was 65.9±11.4, with a statistically significant improvement (P=0.033); however, compared with grade 2013, the course test score of the students of grade 2015 was 72.6±7.0, with a statistically significant reduction (P=0.009). Conclusion: The classroom content has an important impact on the satisfaction of live-streamed classroom teaching. It is necessary to pay attention to the communication difference between live -streamed classroom and offline classroom settings, and improve the enthusiasm for participation in the study communication, in order to improve the effectiveness of teaching. 

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend through the optic nerve, connecting with neurons in visually related nuclei. Similar to most mature neurons in the central nervous system, once damaged, RGCs are unable to regenerate their axons and swiftly progress to cell death. In addition to cell-intrinsic mechanisms, extrinsic factors within the extracellular environment, notably glial and inflammatory cells, exert a pivotal role in modulating RGC neurodegeneration and regeneration. Moreover, burgeoning evidence suggests that retinal interneurons, specifically amacrine cells, exert a substantial influence on RGC survival and axon regeneration. In this review, we consolidate the present understanding of extrinsic factors implicated in RGC survival and axon regeneration, and deliberate on potential therapeutic strategies aimed at fostering optic nerve regeneration and restoring vision.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend through the optic nerve, connecting with neurons in visually related nuclei. Similar to most mature neurons in the central nervous system, once damaged, RGCs are unable to regenerate their axons and swiftly progress to cell death. In addition to cell-intrinsic mechanisms, extrinsic factors within the extracellular environment, notably glial and inflammatory cells, exert a pivotal role in modulating RGC neurodegeneration and regeneration. Moreover, burgeoning evidence suggests that retinal interneurons, specifically amacrine cells, exert a substantial influence on RGC survival and axon regeneration. In this review, we consolidate the present understanding of extrinsic factors implicated in RGC survival and axon regeneration, and deliberate on potential therapeutic strategies aimed at fostering optic nerve regeneration and restoring vision

医学生在不久的将来需担起保障人民健康的重任，必须坚持正确政治方向，思想政治教育(思政教育)融入医学课程显得格外重要。眼科疾病与全身疾病息息相关，眼科学是临床医学生的一门必修课程。思政教育与眼科学专业课相融合可激励学生自觉把个人的理想追求融入国家和民族的事业中，勇做走在时代前列的奋进者、开拓者。中山大学中山眼科中心因材施教，针对临床医学专业本科生，通过生动的例子将“防盲治盲责任”“近视防控国家需求”等思政内容融入眼科学本科教学的各个章节中，旨在培养学生树立为服务人民、服务国家健康战略而努力学习的理想和价值观。课程结束后，采用问卷调查了解学生对思政教育与眼科学专业课融合的接受度、课程建议及效果评估，发现学生对眼科学课程中融入思政教育接受度较高，效果较好。

Medical students must adhere to the correct political direction because they need to protect people's health in the near future. It is particularly important to integrate ideological education into medical curriculum. Ophthalmic diseases are closely related to systemic diseases. Ophthalmology is a compulsory course of clinical medicine for medical college students. The integration of ideological education into ophthalmology professional courses can encourage students to integrate their personal ideals into national undertaking, motivate students to become strivers and pioneers in the new era. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University taught students according to their aptitude and integrated the ideological contents such as “prevention of blindness” and “myopia prevention” into each chapter of ophthalmology teaching through vivid examples for clinical medical undergraduates. It would be helpful for the students to establish the ideal and values of “serve the people”. At the end of the course, the medical students were investigated by questionnaires to evaluate the effect of ideological education integration, as well as the acceptance and suggestion from the students. The results showed that students

were satisfied with the teaching quality of ideological contents and the curriculum integration has achieved the desired effect.

研究生导师的能力和水平是影响研究生教育质量的最关键因素之一。针对眼科学研究生专业基础 知识薄弱、动手实践机会缺乏、创新能力不足，导师队伍教学主动性不强、活力欠佳等问题，中 山眼科中心逐步建立了“行政+专家”的双重教学管理架构，引导激励教师积极主动参与、推动研 究生课程改革、科研创新能力培训、教学信息化建设、教学质控与学生管理等各项教学改革与决 策，通过不断完善教师参与教学改革共同治理的长效机制，打造高素质的教师队伍，实现高质量 的眼科学研究生培养。

The ability and level of postgraduate tutor is one of the key factors affecting the quality of graduate education. In view of the weak basic ophthalmic knowledge, lack of practical opportunities and the inefficiency in innovation ability among ophthalmology graduates, as well as the lack of initiative and vitality in teaching team, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University has been gradually established the dual management structure of “administration and experts”. By guiding and encouraging the teachers participate in the curriculum reform of graduates, scientific research ability training, management informatization, the teaching quality control, student administration and so on. Through improving the long-term mechanism of teachers’ participation in teaching reform governance, the quality of teachers has been improved, which promote the high-quality development of ophthalmology graduate education.

目的：了解思政元素融入临床医学八年制眼科学整合课程的学生满意度与教学效果。方法：对中山大学临床医学八年制的五年级医学生进行匿名纸质版问卷调查，评估学生对思政教育的满意度与教育效果。对问卷结果进行描述性统计分析，计数资料以频率与百分比的形式表示。结果：共回收有效问卷90份，91%的学生认同在课程中融入思政元素，93%的学生认为思政与课程的融合度为好或者非常好，82%的学生认为思政课程对激发眼科学兴趣有帮助。思政题目的总体正确率高达92.9%，正确率从高到低依次为：医患沟通(100%)、眼科历史(98.9%)、政策要点(83.3%)、研究前沿(82.2%)。结论：临床医学八年制学生对眼科学整合课程的思政元素融合的满意度高。思政教育获得良好效果，学生对思政知识的掌握度高。后续课程在保持学生对医患沟通以及学科历史兴趣的同时，还应加强对于研究前沿和政策要点的教育。

Objective: To investigate the student satisfaction and educational effect of integrating ideological and political elements into the eight-year clinical medicine ophthalmology integrated curriculum. Methods: An anonymous paper questionnaire survey was administered to fifth-grade clinical medicine students ofthe eight-year clinical medicine program of Sun Yat-sen University to assess students’ satisfaction with ideological and political education as well as the educational effectiveness. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on thequestionnaire results, and the qualitative data were represented by frequency and percentage. Results: Ninety valid surveys were collected. 91% of the students agreed with the incorporation of ideological and political elements into the curriculum, 93% of the students thought the incorporation of ideological and political elements into the curriculum was good or very good, and 82% of the students believed that the ideological and political curricula helped arouse their interest in ophthalmology. The overall correct rate for ideological and political questions reached 92.9%, with the following correct rates from most accurate to least accurate: doctor-patient communication (100%), history of ophthalmology (98.9%), policy (83.3%), and research frontier (82.2%). Conclusion: Eight-year clinical medicine students are highly satisfied with the integration of intellectual and political components into the ophthalmology integration curriculum. Ideological and political education has yielded favorable results, with students demonstrating a thorough grasp of ideological and political facts. Future curricula should expand students’ awareness of research frontiers and policy issues while maintaining their interest in doctor-patient communication and the history of ophthalmology.