Abstract: Retinal hemangioblastomas (RHs) are among the most common manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that predisposes individuals to various tumors, particularly in the retina, central nervous system, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, and reproductive tract. VHL disease arises from variants in the VHL tumor suppressor gene, leading to the loss of VHL protein function. This protein regulates the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) under normal oxygen conditions, but, in VHL disease, the loss of functional VHL protein results in the stabilization of HIFs, particularly HIF-2α, even in normoxia. The persistent activity of HIF-2α drives the overexpression of factors including transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and others. Histologically, these tumors consist of tightly packed capillaries surrounded by stromal cells, which are the primaryneoplastic components. Clinically, RHs often represent one of the earliest manifestations of VHL disease and can lead to significant visual impairment or blindness if untreated. Current conventional treatment approaches include ablative therapies such as laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy, both of which are destructive, and can be successful if the tumors are of amenable size and location. Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies are administered to reduce retinal edema. Effective therapies for large tumors and those located on the optic nerve are severely limited. However, recent advances in our understanding of the HIF-VEGF pathway have led to the development of targeted therapies, such as HIF-2α inhibitors like belzutifan, which have demonstrated promising results in reducing tumor burden and improving outcomes. These novel treatments offer hope for more effective and less invasive management of RHs within the broader context of VHL disease.

Abstract: Retinal hemangioblastomas (RHs) are among the most common manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that predisposes individuals to various tumors, particularly in the retina, central nervous system, kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, and reproductive tract. VHL disease arises from variants in the VHL tumor suppressor gene, leading to the loss of VHL protein function. This protein regulates the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) under normal oxygen conditions, but, in VHL disease, the loss of functional VHL protein results in the stabilization of HIFs, particularly HIF-2α, even in normoxia. The persistent activity of HIF-2α drives the overexpression of factors including transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and others. Histologically, these tumors consist of tightly packed capillaries surrounded by stromal cells, which are the primaryneoplastic components. Clinically, RHs often represent one of the earliest manifestations of VHL disease and can lead to significant visual impairment or blindness if untreated. Current conventional treatment approaches include ablative therapies such as laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy, both of which are destructive, and can be successful if the tumors are of amenable size and location. Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies are administered to reduce retinal edema. Effective therapies for large tumors and those located on the optic nerve are severely limited. However, recent advances in our understanding of the HIF-VEGF pathway have led to the development of targeted therapies, such as HIF-2α inhibitors like belzutifan, which have demonstrated promising results in reducing tumor burden and improving outcomes. These novel treatments offer hope for more effective and less invasive management of RHs within the broader context of VHL disease.

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental vision disorder resulting from abnormal visual input during the critical period of visual development, such as strabismus, uncorrected anisometropia, high refractive errors, and form deprivation. It is frequently associated with reduced visual acuity and deficits in binocular vision. Traditional occlusion therapy for amblyopia has typically been restricted to infants and young children during the critical period of visual development, as it is believed to be ineffective for older children and adults due to the decreased plasticity of the mature brain. Our research group has concentrated on pivotal scientific issues in amblyopia, including quantitative methods for detecting binocular vision, especially interocular visual suppression, the mechanisms underlying binocular vision impairment in amblyopia,treatment methods and their evaluations for amblyopia, and visual plasticity and its neural mechanismsin amblyopia. This paper summarizes the visual mechanisms and treatment modalitiesof amblyopia based on our research and both domestic and foreign sources, while also looking forward to the future development of this field in light of existing problems.

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental vision disorder resulting from abnormal visual input during the critical period of visual development, such as strabismus, uncorrected anisometropia, high refractive errors, and form deprivation. It is frequently associated with reduced visual acuity and deficits in binocular vision. Traditional occlusion therapy for amblyopia has typically been restricted to infants and young children during the critical period of visual development, as it is believed to be ineffective for older children and adults due to the decreased plasticity of the mature brain. Our research group has concentrated on pivotal scientific issues in amblyopia, including quantitative methods for detecting binocular vision, especially interocular visual suppression, the mechanisms underlying binocular vision impairment in amblyopia,treatment methods and their evaluations for amblyopia, and visual plasticity and its neural mechanismsin amblyopia. This paper summarizes the visual mechanisms and treatment modalitiesof amblyopia based on our research and both domestic and foreign sources, while also looking forward to the future development of this field in light of existing problems.

The congenital cataract is one of the leading causes of treatable childhood blindness. Existing classification systems for congenital cataracts are primarily utilized for the diagnosis of the disease. However, these systems provide limited information necessary for the evaluation, formulation, and optimization of treatment plans. Furthermore, research on the classification of congenital cataracts still requires exploration to provide additional evidence supporting molecular diagnosis and syndromic disease diagnosis. This paper reviews relevant studies on the classification of congenital cataracts and discusses the prospects for future research in this area.

The congenital cataract is one of the leading causes of treatable childhood blindness. Existing classification systems for congenital cataracts are primarily utilized for the diagnosis of the disease. However, these systems provide limited information necessary for the evaluation, formulation, and optimization of treatment plans. Furthermore, research on the classification of congenital cataracts still requires exploration to provide additional evidence supporting molecular diagnosis and syndromic disease diagnosis. This paper reviews relevant studies on the classification of congenital cataracts and discusses the prospects for future research in this area.

Aims: Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics. While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options, they have limitations when dealing with large lesions. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser excision treatment for divided nevus of the eyelid. Methods: This retrospective study included 10 patients (5 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 23.7 years (9-54 years). All underwent CO₂ laser excision and were followed up for 12 months. Treatment outcomes were assessed through clearance and recurrence rates, evaluated using digital photography. Postoperative complications were closely monitored throughout the 12-month follow-up period. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a comprehensive questionnaire. Results:All patients presented with unilateral divided nevus of the eyelid, with lesion diameters ranging from 25 to 50 mm and heights ranging from 0.3 to 6 mm (mean: 3.93 mm). Patients received between 1 and 5 laser treatment sessions. At the 12-month follow-up, a 100% clearance rate was achieved, with no recurrence observed in any patient. All patients maintained a continuous eyelid margin with acceptable irregularity. Complications were minimal, with partial eyelash loss in 8 patients, hyperpigmentation in 2 patients, and mild upper eyelid trichiasis in 1 patient. No severe complications, such as ectropion, eyelid margin notching, corneal erosion, or significant scar hypertrophy, were reported. All patients expressed being "very satisfied" with the functional and cosmetic outcomes in a questionnaire. Conclusions: CO₂ laser excision offers a simple, precise, and effective treatment approach for divided nevus of the eyelid. This innovative technique simplifies the treatment process, achieves excellent cosmetic outcomes, and eliminates the need for skin grafting, making it a promising option for the management of large divided nevus.

Aims: Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics. While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options, they have limitations when dealing with large lesions. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser excision treatment for divided nevus of the eyelid. Methods: This retrospective study included 10 patients (5 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 23.7 years (9-54 years). All underwent CO₂ laser excision and were followed up for 12 months. Treatment outcomes were assessed through clearance and recurrence rates, evaluated using digital photography. Postoperative complications were closely monitored throughout the 12-month follow-up period. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a comprehensive questionnaire. Results: All patients presented with unilateral divided nevus of the eyelid, with lesion diameters ranging from 25 to 50 mm and heights ranging from 0.3 to 6 mm (mean: 3.93 mm). Patients received between 1 and 5 laser treatment sessions. At the 12-month follow-up, a 100% clearance rate was achieved, with no recurrence observed in any patient. All patients maintained a continuous eyelid margin with acceptable irregularity. Complications were minimal, with partial eyelash loss in 8 patients, hyperpigmentation in 2 patients, and mild upper eyelid trichiasis in 1 patient. No severe complications, such as ectropion, eyelid margin notching, corneal erosion, or significant scar hypertrophy, were reported. All patients expressed being "very satisfied" with the functional and cosmetic outcomes in a questionnaire. Conclusions: CO₂ laser excision offers a simple, precise, and effective treatment approach for divided nevus of the eyelid. This innovative technique simplifies the treatment process, achieves excellent cosmetic outcomes, and eliminates the need for skin grafting, making it a promising option for the management of large divided nevus.