脉络膜是视网膜的主要血供来源，脉络膜血管系统为眼内最大、最重要的血管系统，在给外层视网膜供血方面起着至关重要的作用。脉络膜是一个动态、多功能性结构，其生理性特性受多种因素影响。这些因素包括年龄、性别、解剖位置、眼轴长度、昼夜节律与饮酒等。脉络膜涡静脉根据解剖学位置可分为眼内、巩膜内和眼外三大部分，又进一步分为脉络膜静脉、壶腹前部、壶腹、壶腹后部、巩膜入口、巩膜内通道、巩膜出口和巩膜外涡静脉八个区域。在正常眼中，涡静脉的类型不仅限于传统认知中出口位于赤道部近睫状体平坦部的涡静脉，研究发现还存在出口位于后极部的后极部涡静脉。根据涡静脉的形态及解剖特点，涡静脉又分为四类：缺失型涡静脉、不完整型涡静脉、完整型涡静脉、完整型涡静脉伴壶腹。文章旨在阐述正常人眼的脉络膜血流及涡静脉解剖基础，以深入了解正常状态下的脉络膜特征，这不仅有助于辨别脉络膜的病理性变化，且对脉络膜相关眼部疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值。

The choroid is the primary source of blood supply for the retina. As the largest and most important vascular system within the eye, the choroidal vasculature plays a crucial role in providing blood to the outer retina. The choroid is a dynamic, multifunctional structure whose physiological characteristics are influenced by a variety of factors. These factors include age, gender, anatomical location, axial length of the eye, circadian rhythm, and alcohol consumption, among others. Choroidal vortex veins can be anatomically divided into three main parts: intraocular, scleral, and extraocular. Furthermore, they can be subdivided into eight distinct regions: choroidal veins, pre-ampulla, ampulla, post-ampulla, scleral entrance, intrascleral canal, scleral exit, and extrascleral vortex vein. In the healthy eye, the types of vortex veins are not limited to the traditionally recognized veins with exits near the ciliary body pars plana in the equatorial region. Recent research has revealed the existence of posterior vortex veins with exits in the posterior pole of the eye. Based on the morphology and anatomical characteristics of vortex veins, they can be further classified into four types:absent vortex veins, incomplete vortex veins, complete vortex veins, complete vortex veins with ampulla. This paper aims to elucidate the blood flow and vortex veins anatomical foundation of the choroid in normal human eyes. Understanding these characteristics in a healthy state will aid in identifying pathological changes in the choroid, which is of significant value for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ocular diseases.

目的：评估炎非感染性葡萄膜炎继发炎性脉络膜新生血管(inflammatory choroidal neovascularization, iCNV)的临床特征及眼底多模式影像表现。方法：采用回顾性观察性研究，采用眼底荧光素血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影(Indocyanine green angiography, ICGA)、谱域相干光断层扫描(spectral domain optical coherence tomography, SD-OCT)联合光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography, OCTA)等多种眼底影像学方法，对纳入患者的眼底进行检查，分析非感染性iCNV的面积、分型、位置及形态等影像学特征与临床特征的关系。结果：研究共纳入39例患者，对48只患眼中的51处iCNV病灶进行了评估。纳入患者年龄为(35.28±13.62)岁。其中3例患眼出现多灶性CNV。SD-OCT显示92.16%(47/51)的iCNV为2型CNV，17.65%(9/51)的iCNV出现海绵征，13.72%(7/51)的iCNV伴有局灶脉络膜凹陷。ICGA造影期间，74.50%的iCNV病灶(38/51)伴有弱荧光病灶，25.49%的病例(13/51)显示脉络膜高通透性表现。OCTA enface图像显示iCNV形态多样，包括焦点状(15例，29.41%)、盘状/海扇状(16例，31.37%)、枯树状(9例，17.65%)、星状(9例，17.65%)及弥漫网状(2例，3.92%)。其中，枯树状及星状iCNV提示iCNV为非活动性(P＜0.01)。结论：非感染性iCNV与炎性病灶关系密切，在SD-OCT，ICGA上皆具特征性的影像表现。OCTA能直观地观察到iCNV的形态。这些多模式影像特征为临床医生提供了对于非感染性iCNV重要的鉴别诊断依据，有助于制定有效的诊疗方案。

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and multimodal imaging features of non-infectious inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (iCNV). Methods: In this study retrospective, observational study, multimodal imaging examinations, including fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), were used to observe the morphology of non-infectious iCNV in patients diagnosed with uveitis. The area of iCNV, CNV types, CNV morphology and other imaging characteristics were further analyzed. Results: A total of 39 patients were included, with 48 affected eyes and 51 iCNV were identified. The average age of the included patients was 35.28±13.62 years. Among the affected eyes, 3 presented with multifocal CNV, and 92.16% of iCNV were classified as type 2 CNV. iCNV exhibited diverse morphologies, including focal-like pattern (15 cases, 29.41%),sea-fan pattern(16 cases, 31.37%), dead-tree pattern CNV(9 cases, 17.65%), stellar pattern (9 cases, 17.65%), and diffuse reticular (2 cases, 3.92%). Notably, tree-like and stellar pattern iCNV showed a significant correlation with non-active CNV (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Non-infectious iCNV is closely related to inflammatory lesions, exhibiting characteristic imaging features on SD-OCT and ICGA. OCTA allows for direct observation of the morphology of iCNV. These multimodal imaging characteristics provide important diagnostic criteria for clinicians, aiding in the formulation of effective treatment plans.

年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)是老年人视力丧失的主要原因之一，其中新生血管性AMD (neovascular AMD, nAMD)以其进展迅速、严重损伤视力的特点，成为全球眼科研究的焦点。随着人口老龄化加剧，nAMD的疾病负担日益沉重，对其发病机制的深入研究和有效治疗策略的探 索迫在眉睫。近年来，高通量组学技术的蓬勃发展为解析nAMD复杂的分子病理机制提供了前所未有的机遇。基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学以及多组学整合分析，不仅有助于深入挖掘疾病相关的关键分子、通路和网络，也为发现新的生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点提供了新的视角。文章系统综述了近年来分子组学技术在nAMD研究中的最新进展，重点关注不同组学方法在各类生物样本研究中 的发现，分析多组学整合在揭示疾病机制和筛选生物标志物方面的优势，以期为该领域的未来研究提供参考。

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss in elderly population. Among its subtypes, neovascular AMD (nAMD) has become a global focus in ophthalmological research due to its rapid progression and severe vision impairment. With the acceleration of population aging, the disease burden of nAMD is increasingly heavy, making it urgent to conduct in-depth research on its pathogenesis and explore effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the rapid development of high-throughput omics technologies has provided unprecedented opportunities to decipher the complex molecular pathological mechanisms of nAMD. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration analyses have not only helped to deeply explore disease-related key molecules, pathways, and networks but also provided new perspectives for discovering novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in molecular omics technologies in nAMD research, focusing on findings from different omics approaches across various biological samples, and analyzes the advantages of multi-omics integration in revealing disease mechanisms and screening biomarkers, aiming to provide references for future research in this field.

巨噬细胞样细胞(macrophage-like cells, MLC)指起源、功能与巨噬细胞类似的免疫细胞，包括小胶质细胞、玻璃体细胞及巨噬细胞。将en face OCT显示层面设置在视网膜表明即可观测到视网膜表明的 MLC(epiretinal MLC, eMLC)，随后利用ImageJ软件即可对细胞进行提取和量化。研究表明，eMLC在炎症情况下均可出现细胞募集及活化现象，但在不同眼底病中各具特点。在糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜静脉阻塞等视网膜缺血缺氧性疾病中，eMLC密度越高，黄斑水肿可能越严重。此外，eMLC密度更高的视网膜静脉阻塞患者抗VEGF疗效更差，视力预后不佳，提示基于en face OCT的eMLC不仅可用于评估视网膜炎情况，而且还能充当提示疾病疗效及预后的标志物。在葡萄膜炎等免疫炎症性疾病中，en face OCT亦可观测到eMLC密度、形态等改变。白塞病葡萄膜炎患者视网膜血管渗漏程度与eMLC密度相关性强，故eMLC密度可充当无创评估视网膜血管渗漏程度的新指标。然而，目前提取和量化eMLC的方法及标准不统一，降低了各研究间的可比性。因此，亟需制定统一的操作规范和评估标准。此外eMLC 所代表的具体细胞类型及功能仍需进一步探究。未来，研究者可以利用en face OCT对眼底炎症地进行无创评估。基于en face OCT的eMLC还能作为基础研究与临床研究之间的桥梁，为揭示疾病的致病机制提供重要参考。

Macrophage-like cells (MLC) refer to immune cells that originate from and function similarly to macrophages, including microglia, hyalocytes, and macrophages themselves. By setting the display level of en face OCT to the retinal surface, epiretinal MLC (eMLC) can be observed and subsequently extracted and quantified using ImageJ software. Studies indicate that eMLC can exhibit cell recruitment and activation in inflammatory conditions, each displaying distinct characteristics in different retinal diseases. In ischemic and hypoxic retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, higher densities of eMLC are associated with more severe macularedema. Moreover, patients with retinal vein occlusion showing higher eMLC densities tend to have poorer responses to anti-VEGF treatments and worse visual prognoses, suggesting that eMLC identified via en face OCT can be used not only to assess retinal inflammation but also as biomarkers for disease efficacy and prognosis. In immune-inflammatory diseases like uveitis, changes in eMLC density and morphology can also be observed through en face OCT. Inpatients with Beh?et's disease, a strong correlation exists between the degree of retinal vascular leakage and eMLC density, making eMLC density a potential non-invasive marker for assessing retinal vascular leakage. However, the current methods and standards for extracting and quantifying eMLC are not unified, significantly reducing comparability between studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish uniform operational protocols and assessment standards. Furthermore, the specific cell types and functions represented by eMLC observed via en face OCT require further investigation. In the future, en face OCT could be utilized for non-invasive assessment of retinal inflammation. eMLC based onen face OCT could also serve as a bridge between basic research and clinical studies, providing valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases.

息肉状脉络膜血管病变（polypoidal  choroidal vasculopathy, PCV）是中国人新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性的(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)主要亚型。PCV与典型的新生血管性AMD在流行病学、临床表现、影像学特征和自然病程方面存在一定差异。近年来的研究表明，除了传统的玻璃膜疣驱动机制外，PCV可能与肥厚脉络膜机制相关，后者在亚洲人群中更为常见。深入的病理学探索将有助于揭示PCV的发病机制，并探索PCV与其他脉络膜疾病之间的内在联系。由于PCV患者眼球标本的稀缺，现有的病理学研究较少，且结果之间存在一定差异。文章通过介绍笔者最新的临床病理研究结果，并结合历年来国内外的研究，总结了关于PCV病灶所在的层次、起源及血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）表达水平的争议问题，阐明了PCV的临床病理研究现状。第一，PCV病灶的层次。临床上，OCT成像显示PCV病灶位于视网膜色素上皮（retinal pigment epithelium, RPE）与Bruch膜的高反射线之间，属于I型脉络膜新生血管的特殊亚型。部分病理学研究认为PCV病灶位于Bruch膜内，但实际上PCV病灶更准确地位于RPE基底膜下。第二，异常分支血管网（branching vascular networks, BVN）的起源。尸体眼标本的病理分析表明，BVN起源于脉络膜动脉，且动脉穿过Bruch膜后，转变为薄壁毛细血管形成I型脉络膜新生血管。少数研究指出PCV可能由静脉扩张形成，并存在脉络膜静脉的淤滞。第三，VEGF在PCV病灶中的表达。VEGF是新生血管性AMD的关键致病因子，一些研究表明PCV病灶中VEGF表达升高，提示PCV可能与新生血管性AMD具有相似的发病机制，但也有研究发现PCV病灶中的VEGF表达为阴性，提示PCV的机制可能不完全依赖于VEGF。综上，PCV的病理特征具有复杂性，既有与新生血管性AMD相似的表现，也有肥厚脉络膜的特征。随着眼球捐献意识的提高，未来有望获得更多宝贵的眼球标本，为进一步探索PCV的发病机制提供支持,并为其临床诊断和治疗提供更有效的策略。

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is the main subtype of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in China.  PCV differs from typical neovascular AMD in terms of epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging features, and natural disease course. Recent studies suggest that, in addition to the traditional drusen-driven mechanism, PCV may also be associated with pachychoroid mechanism, which is particularly more common in Asian populations. In-depth pathological research will help uncover the pathogenesis of PCV and explore the intrinsic connections between PCV and other choroidal diseases. Due to the rarity of eye specimens from PCV patients, there is limited pathological research, and results can vary. Herein, this article summarize the controversial issues regarding the location level, origin, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression of PCV lesions by introducing our latest clinicopathologic study on PCV and combining with previous studies in China and worldwide. First, the layer of PCV lesions. Clinically, OCT imaging shows that PCV lesions are located between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the hyperreflective line of Bruch membrane, making them a special subtype of type I choroidal neovascularization. Some pathological studies suggest that PCV lesions are located within Bruch membrane, but in fact, PCV lesions are more accurately located beneath the RPE basement membrane. Second, the origin of the branching vascular networks (BVN). Pathological analysis of postmortem eye specimens indicates that BVN originates from choroidal arteries, and after passing through Bruch membrane, they transform into thin-walled capillaries, forming type I choroidal neovascularization. A few studies suggest that PCV may result from dilation of choroidal vein, accompanied with vein stasis. Third, VEGF expression in PCV lesions. VEGF is a key pathogenic factor in neovascular AMD. Some studies show increased VEGF expression in PCV lesions, suggesting that PCV may share a similar pathogenic mechanism with neovascular AMD. However, other studies have found negative VEGF expression in PCV lesions, indicating that the mechanism of PCV may not be entirely dependent on VEGF. In conclusion, the pathological features of PCV are complex, showing both similarities to neovascular AMD and characteristics of pachychoroid. With the increasing awareness of eye donation, more valuable eye specimens are expected to be obtained in the future, providing support for further ex;ploration of the pathogenesis of PCV and offering more effective strategies for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

肥厚型脉络膜谱系疾病(pachychoroid disease, PCD)是一组以病理性脉络膜增厚为共同特征的疾病谱系。其特征性改变包括Haller层脉络膜血管扩张，脉络膜毛细血管层和Sattler层变薄，以及肥厚血管(pachyvessels)上视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE)的异常。PCD主要包括单纯肥厚型脉络膜病变(uncomplicated pachychoroid, UCP)、肥厚型脉络膜色素上皮病变(pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, PPE)、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serous chorioretinopathy, CSC)、肥厚型脉络膜新生血管病变(pachychoroid neovasculopathy, PNV)和息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, PCV)。传统眼底检查因单张成像局限于后极部，难以全面评估病变范围。广角影像技术突破了这一局限，其成像范围覆盖后极部至赤道部涡静脉壶腹部(约60°~100°)，而超广角成像更可达后极部至锯齿缘(约 110°~220°)。这一技术的进步不仅扩大了PCD眼底病灶的观察范围，更提升了对脉络膜结构和功能的评估能力，为深化研究PCD的发病机制提供了新的视角。近年来，基于深度学习的人工智能技术在PCD辅助诊断方面取得重要突破，展现出优异的PCD相关疾病识别和分类能力，有助于显著提升基层医疗机构诊断效率，并推动医疗资源优化配置。文章综述了广角眼底影像技术在PCD评估与诊断中的研究进展，旨在为眼科临床工作者和研究者提供最新的技术应用视角，并为进一步探索PCD的病理机制和诊疗方法奠定科学基础。

Pachychoroid disease (PCD) represents a group of disorders characterized by pathological choroidal thickening. The characteristic changes include dilated choroidal vessels in Haller's layer, thinning of the choriocapillaris and Sattler's layer, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities overlying the pachyvessels. The PCD primarily encompasses uncomplicated pachychoroid (UCP), pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Traditional fundus examination is limited to the posterior pole in single-frame imaging, making it challenging to comprehensively evaluate the extent of lesions. Wide-field imaging technology has overcome this limitation, with its imaging range covering from the posterior pole to the ampulla of vortex veins at the equator (approximately 60-100°), while ultra-wide-field imaging can extend from the posterior pole to the pars plana (approximately 110-220°). This technological advancement has not only expanded the observation range of PCD fundus lesions but also enhanced the assessment capabilities of choroidal structure and function, providing new perspectives for investigating PCD pathogenesis. In recent years, deep learning-based artificial intelligence technology has achieved significant breakthroughs in PCD-assisted diagnosis, demonstrating excellent capability in identifying and classifying PCD-related diseases. This has contributed to significantly improving diagnostic efficiency in primary healthcare institutions and optimizing medical resource allocation. This review summarizes the advances in wide-field fundus imaging technologies for the assessment and diagnosis of PCD.

“六要素，三个一”是眼底影像基础阅片工作中进行眼底疾病临床创新性研究的模式要点，即在眼底阅片过程中捕捉到1个异常的病例后，通过积累病例、提炼特征、文献检索、寻同查异，进而扩展到1组病例，最后通过思辨创新，提出或完善1种新的疾病或疾病表征。近二十年来，在此模式的指导下，团队在眼底疾病研究工作中取得了一些原创性的成果：比如息肉状脉络膜血管病变的认识及其在国人新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性中发病比例第一，提出点状内层脉络膜病变病灶国际分期和命名新亚型，年龄相关的吲哚菁绿血管造影晚期散在弱荧光点揭示潴留性视网膜色素上皮脱离的发病机制，发现急性黄斑神经视网膜病变是登革热患者视力下降的主要原因，在全球最大的持续性鳞状黄斑病变的病例系列中明确病灶层次等创新性成果。“六要素”框架规范眼底影像研究流程，强调研究过程的严谨性与渐进性，且多次循环后衍生发散出更多研究线索和思路，极大拓展研究深度和广度。“三个一”路径体现了研究的层次性，从个体现象(点)到群体规律(线)，最终构建疾病认知的立体网络(面)；指导眼底异常影像征象、罕见病、新病种研究，加速疾病谱系完善。以“六要素”为纲，以“三个一”为略，将继续推动眼底疾病临床研究的创新与突破。

The "6 Elements, 3 Ones" constitutes a methodological framework for conducting innovative clinical research of ocular fundus diseases in foundational fundus imaging interpretation. This model emphasizes: 1) identifying a single abnormal case during routine fundus evaluation; 2) systematically expanding this observation into a case series through case accumulation, feature extraction, literature review, and comparative analysis; and 3) ultimately proposing or refining novel disease entities or manifestations through critical thinking and innovation. Over the past two decades, guided by this paradigm, our research team has achieved several original breakthroughs in fundus imaging studies, including: establishing polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy as the predominant subtype of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Chinese populations; proposing an international staging system and novel subtypes for punctate inner choroidopathy; elucidating the pathogenesis of retentional retinal pigment epithelial detachment through the sign of age-related scattered hypofluorescent spots on late-phase indocyanine green angiography; identifying acute macular neuroretinopathy as the primary cause of vision loss in dengue fever patients; and precisely localizing lesion in the world's largest case series of persistent placoid maculopathy. The "6 Elements" framework standardizes fundus disease research protocols, emphasizing methodological rigor and progressive investigation while generating multiple research trajectories through iterative cycles, thereby expanding both the depth and breadth of scientific inquiry. The "3 Ones" pathway embodies hierarchical research progression - transitioning from individual phenomena (point observations) to population-level patterns (linear correlations), ultimately constructing a multidimensional disease cognition network (planar integration). This approach guides investigations ranging from signs of common disease to rare disorders and novel disease entities, accelerating the refinement of disease taxonomies. By adhering to the "6 Elements" as the structural framework and implementing the "3 Ones" as the strategic pathway, we will continue to advance innovation and achieve breakthroughs in clinical fundus disease researches.

      老年性黄斑变性(Age-related maeular degeneration，AMD)是老年人视力损伤和致盲的主要原因。视网膜的高耗氧性，高长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量，作为氧自由基的靶点和暴露于可见光的特性使其易产生氧化应激。大量研究均显示抗氧化营养素有助于老年性黄斑变性的防治，本文就其最新研究进展进行综述。

Age-related macular degeneration ( AMD)is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairent and blindness in elderly people. The retina seems particularly susceptible tooxidative stress because of its high concentration ofoxygen,polyunsaturated fatty acids, targets as oxygen free radical, and exposure to visible light.Multiple studies have suggested that antioxidative nutrients can play a role in slowing the onset or limiting the effects of AMD. The article has reviewed the latest research progress of antioxidative nutrients and age-related macular degeneration. 

目的: 观察老年性黄斑变性(Age-related macular degeneration, AMD) 和息肉状脉络膜视网膜病变(Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, PCV) 患者眼底陈旧性出血在吲哚青绿血管造影(Indocyanine green angiography, ICGA) 中的自发荧光表现。

方法: 对伴有眼底陈旧性出血的AMD和PCV患者共36例(36只眼)行ICGA检查。受试者在进行ICGA检查前, 均经过详细的眼底镜检查、眼底彩色照相及荧光素眼底血管造影(Fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA) 检查。

结果: 眼底陈旧性出血灶 ICGA 均表现出相应的自发荧光。陈旧性出血灶呈浅灰黄色, 其自发荧光的形态大小与眼底彩色图像所示的陈旧性出血灶相一致, 边界清晰; 造影后期陈旧性出血灶的自发荧光强度最强，与 AMD 的斑状及焦点状脉络膜新生血管 (Choroidal neovasculari-zation, CNV) 及 PCV 的息肉状脉络膜血管扩张灶的荧光表现不同。陈旧性眼底出血的自发荧光多与 CNV 或息肉状病灶重叠或位于其边缘(27只眼, 75%) 。

结论: ICGA 中陈旧性眼底出血所致的自发荧光易与 CNV 及息肉状病灶性强荧光相混淆, 将眼底彩色图像与 ICGA 图像对比分析及掌握其与CNV及息肉状血管扩张灶的不同荧光特性有助于鉴别诊断。

Objective: To investigate the autofluorescence of stale fundus haemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) with indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) .

Methods: The color photographs and ICGA were performed in 36 eyes of 36 cases of exudative AMD or PCV with stale fundus haemorrhage. All of the cases were examined by funduscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) .

Results: Autofluorescence could be observed in all of the stale haemorrhage cases. Stale haemorrhage showed grayish color and the shapes and sizes of autofluoresence in ICGA were in accordance with those of the stale haemorrhage in the color photographs. The boundaries of autofluorescence were clear and the intensities were strong. The percentage of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or PCV in or beside stale haemorrh-age was significantly higher than that outside the stale haemorrhage (27 eyes, 75%) . 

Conclusions: Autofluorescence of stale haemorrhage in ICGA can be mixed up with the high fluorescence of CNV and grapes-like polypoidal dilatation. It is helpful to compare the color photographs with ICGA and recognize the different ICGA characteristics in the assessment of ICGA results in these circumstances.

眼结核的表现形式多样，有时会被误诊漏诊。本病例为一年轻男性，以右眼视力突发下降为主诉就诊，眼部表现可见黄斑区脉络膜占位病灶及视网膜内小病灶，经γ-干扰素释放试验、胸部CT等检查，确诊为血型播散性肺结核，眼部诊断为结核性脉络膜结节联合视网膜结节，全身接受抗结核治疗后，眼部病灶消退。

Ocular tuberculosis encompasses a variety of clinical manifestations, which is easily misdiagnosed sometimes. In this article, a young male was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of sudden blurred vision in his right eye. His ocular examination detected a tiny mass in the choroid and a small lesion in the retina. After interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) and chest CT scan, the patient was diagnosed with military tuberculosis. The ocular examination confirmed the diagnosis of choroidal tubercle complicated with intrarentinal tubercle, which were healed after systemic anti-tuberculosis therapy.