年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)是导致老年人失明的主要原因之一，其特征为光感受器的死亡和视网膜色素上皮细胞的变性。该病的发病机制复杂，涉及遗传、环境和代谢等多种因素。细胞衰老是AMD的重要危险因素，表现为细胞在经历有限次数的分裂后进入永久性细胞周期停滞状态。随着年龄增长，衰老细胞的数量增加，并与多种年龄相关的慢性疾病密切相关。细胞衰老的潜在机制包括氧化应激、DNA损伤、线粒体功能障碍、自噬/线粒体自噬缺陷以及表观遗传改变等。在AMD中，色素上皮细胞、血管内皮细胞、Bruch膜、感光细胞和小胶质细胞等不同类型的细胞均表现出衰老及其相关变化。细胞衰老在AMD的发病机制中起着关键作用，涉及多种视网膜细胞类型和血管系统的退化。通过深入研究这些机制，期望能开发出更有效的治疗方法，以帮助患者恢复和保护视力。本文回顾了细胞衰老的生物学机制及其在AMD中的作用，深入探讨了不同细胞衰老引发AMD发病的具体机制，旨在为AMD的发病机制和治疗研究提供新思路。

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness among the elderly, characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells and the death of photoreceptors. The pathogenesis of AMD is complex, involving a multitude of factors, including genetic, environmental, and metabolic influences. Cellular senescence serves as a significant risk factor for AMD, where cells enter a permanent state of cell cycle arrest after a limited number of divisions. As age increases, the accumulation of senescent cells is closely associated with various age-related chronic diseases. Key mechanisms underlying cellular senescence include oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, defects in autophagy and mitophagy, and epigenetic alterations. In the context of AMD, various cell types-including pigment epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, cells of Bruch's membrane, photoreceptors, and microglia-exhibit signs of senescence and related changes. Cellular senescence plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AMD, contributing to the degeneration of different retinal cell types and supporting vascular systems. By thoroughly investigating these mechanisms, there is hope for the development of more effective therapies aimed at restoring and protecting vision in affected patients. This article reviews the biological mechanisms of cellular senescence and its role in AMD, exploring how different cell types contribute to the disease's onset, with the goal of providing new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of AMD.

目的：分析角膜后前表面曲率半径比值(B/F比值)与年龄相关性白内障患者术后屈光误差的关系，探讨B/F比值对人工晶状体(intraocular lens,IOL)度数计算精确性的影响。方法：选取2019年3—11月在天津医科大学眼科医院白内障中心就诊，并拟行单眼白内障手术的年龄相关性白内障患者共197例(197眼)，术前应用Pentacam眼前节分析仪测量患者眼前节生物参数，并以B/F比值下限25%、上限25%为界将患者分为下25%组、25%～75%组、上25%组。术后3个月应用全自动电脑验光仪评估患者术后屈光状态，并计算患者术后屈光误差(postoperative refractive error,PE)，比较三组平均屈光误差(mean refractive error,ME)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、中位数绝对误差(median absolute error,MedAE)以及屈光误差在±0.25、±0.50、±0.75、±1.00、>±1.00 D范围内百分比差异。结果：B/F比值与年龄相关性白内障患者术后屈光误差呈中度相关(r=?0.445, P<0.001)。随着B/F比值增大，患者术后屈光状态由远视向近视漂移，术后3个月MAE、MedAE分别为0.55 D、0.46 D。屈光误差在±0.25、±0.50、±0.75、±1.00、>±1.00 D范围的百分比分别为29.4%、52.8%、71.6%、87.6%、12.7%。根据正常年龄相关性白内障人群B/F比值优化得到的矫正角膜折射指数计算角膜曲率后，MAE、MedAE分别为0.51、0.43 D，均低于矫正前(P<0.05)。结论：B/F比值对年龄相关性白内障患者术后屈光状态有影响。随着B/F比值的增加，白内障患者术后屈光状态由远视逐渐向近视漂移，且B/F比值越偏离正常平均值，患者的屈光误差绝对值越大。

Objective: To analyze the relationship between corneal B/F ratio and postoperative refractive error in age-related cataract patients, and to explore the impact of B/F ratio on the accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation. Methods: A total of 197 age-related cataract patients (197 eyes) who were treated in the cataract center of our hospital from March 2019 to November 2019 and were going to undergo monocular cataract surgery were selected. The biological parameters of the anterior segment were measured by Pentacam anterior segment analyzer before surgery, and the patients were divided into three groups (25% below the B/F ratio, 25%~75%, and 25% below the B/F ratio) with the lower limit and the upper limit of 25%. Three months after surgery, the postoperative refractive state of patients was evaluated by automatic computerized refractometer, and the postoperative refractive error (PE) was calculated, and the percentage differences of mean refractive error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE) and refractive error in the range of ±0.25, ±0.50, ±0.75, ±1.00 and < ±1.00D were evaluated. Results: The B/F ratio was moderately correlated with postoperative refractive error in age-related cataract patients (r= ?0.445, P < 0.001). With the increase of B/F ratio, the refractive state of patients shifted from hyperopia to myopia after surgery, and the MAE and MedAE were 0.55 D and 0.46 D respectively in 3 months after surgery. The percentages of refractive error in the range of ±0.25, ±0.50, ±0.75, ±1.00 and < ±1.00 D were 29.4%, 52.8%, 71.6%, 87.6% and 12.7%, respectively. After adjusting the corneal curvature according to the B/F ratio of the population based on our previous study, MAE and MedAE were 0.51 D and 0.43 D, respectively, which were lower than those before correction (P< 0.05). Conclusions: There is a correlation between B/F ratio and postoperative refractive error in age-related cataract patients. As the B/F ratio increased, the refractive state of the patient gradually drifted from farsightedness to myopia after cataract surgery, and the more the B/F ratio deviated from the normal average, the greater the absolute value of the patient's refractive error.

慢性移植物抗宿主病(chronic graft-versus-host disease，cGVHD)是骨髓移植后最具有破坏性并发症之一。移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease，GVHD)发生在10%~80%的造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)受者中，而眼睛是人身体最脆弱的器官之一，有40%~60%接受HSCT的患者发生眼部GVHD，它主要影响泪腺、睑板腺、角膜和结膜等。cGVHD相关性干眼(dry eye associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease，cGVHD-DE)是眼部GVHD最多见的表现形式。cGVHD-DE的长期治疗因涉及多学科、多重结合治疗，至今仍然具有挑战性，其除了全身免疫抑制和眼部润滑剂外，通常还使用局部类固醇、环孢霉素和他克莫司滴眼液。针对中度和重度cGVHD-DE的治疗干预包括使用自体血清滴眼液和佩戴巩膜镜等，新兴起的治疗方案包括重链透明质酸 (heavy chain-hvaluronan/穿透素(pentraxin 3)结膜下注射、间充质基质细胞静脉注射、抑制纤维化药物等。

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is one of the most devastating complications following bone marrow transplantation. GVHD develops in 10–80% of patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The eye is one of the most vulnerable organs of the human body. Ocular GVHD occurs in 40–60% of patients with GVHD undergoing HSCT, and it mostly affects the lacrimal glands, meibomian glands, cornea, and conjunctiva. The most common form of ocular GVHD is dry eye disease (DED). The long-term treatment of cGVHD-related dry eye syndrome remains challenging and involves a multidisciplinary approach. Besides systemic immunosuppression and ocular lubricants, topical steroids, topical cyclosporine, and topical tacrolimus are commonly prescribed. Newer therapeutic interventions for moderate and severe cGVHD-related DED include using serum eye drops and scleral contact lenses. Emerging treatment options include subconjunctival injection of heavy chain-hyaluronan (HC-HA)/ pentraxin 3 (PTX3), intravenous injection of mesenchymal stromal cells, antifibrotic drugs, etc. This article reviews the mechanisms, clinical findings, and treatment of cGVHD-related dry eye syndrome.

高度近视(high myopia，HM)作为一种特殊类型的屈光型眼病，不仅会导致进行性、退行性眼底改变，其视神经损伤的患病率也很高。青光眼是全球范围内最常见的一种不可逆致盲性眼病，原发性开角型青光眼(primary open-angle glaucoma，POAG)是最常见的青光眼类型。近年来的研究发现HM与POAG的病理改变存在相似之处。由于HM眼底改变与早期POAG眼底改变容易混淆，HM患者早期发现POAG对延缓或阻止疾病进展很重要。HM患者长期随访不仅要观察黄斑病变，视神经形态与结构改变的观察也不容忽视。

As a special type of refractive eye disease, high myopia (HM) not only causes progressive and degenerative fundus changes, but also has a high prevalence of optic nerve damage. Glaucoma is the most common form of irreversible blinding eye diseases worldwide, among which, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type. In recent studies, HM is found to have similarities on pathological changes as that of POAG. And HM fundus changes are easily confused with early stage POAG fundus changes; thus, the early detection of POAG on HM patients is highly important on disease deferment or prevention of disease progression. Macular degeneration as well as optic nerve morphology and structural changes are to be observed in the long-term follow-up for HM patients.

年龄相关性白内障是全球首位致盲性眼病，手术是治疗白内障唯一有效的手段。白内障手术后视力的良好恢复，除了患者自身的眼部条件外，还有赖于医疗机构的手术技术和质量管理水平。白内障摘除手术的规范操作、人工晶状体屈光力的精准测算和专业的围术期管理是白内障患者复明的关键。国家卫生健康委员会在《加强县医院白内障手术能力建设工作方案（2025—2027年）》中提出，通过加强设备设施建设、帮扶县级医院开展人员培训、建立标准化手术制度等方式，进一步提高县级医院开展白内障手术的能力，就近就便满足人民群众白内障复明需求。因此，为了规范化白内障手术操作、确保手术安全和减少手术并发症，在广东省医学会的领导下，由中山大学中山眼科中心联合广东省内其他21所医疗机构35名权威专家共同起草，在参考国内外白内障手术标准的基础上，结合我省白内障手术的现状，共同讨论并最终确定了本团体标准。本标准系统地描述了年龄相关性白内障手术软件、硬件的基本要求、手术的适应证与禁忌证，制定了白内障手术的标准操作流程及其质量控制标准，并且介绍了并发症或不适的预防及处理，为广东省各级具有资质的医疗机构开展白内障手术以及质量评估提供指导。

Age-related cataract is the leading blinding eye disease in the world, and surgery is the only effective treatment. The good recovery of vision after cataract surgery depends not only on the patients’ ocular conditions but also on the surgical technique and quality management level of medical institutions. Standard surgical procedures, the accurate measurement and calculation of intraocular lens (IOL) power, and professional perioperative management are the keys to restoring the sight of patients. In addition, the National Health Commission proposed in the "Work Plan for Strengthening the Cataract Surgery Capacity Building of County-level Hospitals (2025-2027)" that the ability of county-level hospitals to perform cataract surgery should be further improved by strengthening the construction of equipment and facilities, assisting county-level hospitals in carrying out personnel training, and establishing standardized surgical system. Therefore, in order to standardize cataract surgery procedures, ensure the safety of the surgery and reduce surgical complications, under the leadership of the Guangdong Medical Association, the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, in conjunction with 21 other medical institutions in Guangdong Province and 35 authoritative experts, jointly drafted this group standard. On the basis of referring to the domestic and international standards for cataract surgery and combining with the current situation of cataract surgery in Guangdong Province, they jointly determined this group standard. This group standard systematically describes the basic requirements for the software and hardware conditions of age-related cataract surgery, the indications and contraindications of the surgery, formulates the standard surgical procedures and quality control standards for cataract surgery, and introduces the prevention and treatment of complications or adverse reactions, providing guidance for all qualified medical institutions at different levels to carry out cataract surgery and quality assessment.

视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelial detachment, PED)是年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)的常见临床体征之一，也是反应患者视力预后的重要生物标志物。随着眼底影像技术的快速发展，PED分型依据从单一视角逐渐转变为多模式影像。眼底荧光素血管造影对PED分型进行了初探，吲哚菁绿血管造影的应用加强了对PED内血管成分的判断，光学相干断层扫描的问世使PED结构和内容物的可视化水平得到提高，多模式影像的应用则兼顾了对PED血管特性及内容物性质的判断，为进一步认识PED的发病机制和病程特征提供了重要支持，促进PED分型体系不断更新。PED现有分型种类繁多，概念之间存在交叉。文章通过回顾国内外关于AMD相关的PED研究现状，对分型系统、多模式影像特征及最新影像进展进行汇总，为PED的标准化诊疗和未来研究方向提供了系统参考，以期推动PED相关临床和研究的深入发展。

Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is one of the common manifestations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), posing a significant threat to the patients’ vision. With the rapid advancement of imaging technology, the visualization of PED structure and content has improved considerably. The diagnostic methods and classification systems of PED are also evolving, enabling researchers to further explore its pathogenesis and disease course. However, current PED classification systems are numerous, with overlapping concepts that may cause confusion. This article reviews existing relative literature on AMD-related PED, summarizing the classification systems, multimodal imaging features, and recent imaging advances. The objective of this article is to standardize the diagnosis and guide treatment of PED, to provide systematic reference to the future research, ultimately advancing both clinical and research efforts related to PED.

年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)是老年人视力丧失的主要原因之一，其中新生血管性AMD (neovascular AMD, nAMD)以其进展迅速、严重损伤视力的特点，成为全球眼科研究的焦点。随着人口老龄化加剧，nAMD的疾病负担日益沉重，对其发病机制的深入研究和有效治疗策略的探 索迫在眉睫。近年来，高通量组学技术的蓬勃发展为解析nAMD复杂的分子病理机制提供了前所未有的机遇。基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学以及多组学整合分析，不仅有助于深入挖掘疾病相关的关键分子、通路和网络，也为发现新的生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点提供了新的视角。文章系统综述了近年来分子组学技术在nAMD研究中的最新进展，重点关注不同组学方法在各类生物样本研究中 的发现，分析多组学整合在揭示疾病机制和筛选生物标志物方面的优势，以期为该领域的未来研究提供参考。

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss in elderly population. Among its subtypes, neovascular AMD (nAMD) has become a global focus in ophthalmological research due to its rapid progression and severe vision impairment. With the acceleration of population aging, the disease burden of nAMD is increasingly heavy, making it urgent to conduct in-depth research on its pathogenesis and explore effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the rapid development of high-throughput omics technologies has provided unprecedented opportunities to decipher the complex molecular pathological mechanisms of nAMD. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration analyses have not only helped to deeply explore disease-related key molecules, pathways, and networks but also provided new perspectives for discovering novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in molecular omics technologies in nAMD research, focusing on findings from different omics approaches across various biological samples, and analyzes the advantages of multi-omics integration in revealing disease mechanisms and screening biomarkers, aiming to provide references for future research in this field.

目的：研究IgG4相关性眼病(IgG4-related ophthalmic disease, IgG4-ROD)患者的影像学特征与外周血免疫球蛋白G4(IgG4)水平之间的相关性，为评估IgG4相关性疾病全身性严重程度提供新思路。方法：收集2023年8月—2024年9月在吉林大学第二医院眼科医院经术后组织标本病理确诊的29例IgG4-ROD阳性患者。回顾性分析患者眼眶影像学特点与血清IgG4水平相关性，探讨影像学中特征性表现包括泪腺肿大、三叉神经分支增粗、眼外肌增粗、鼻黏膜类炎症改变、眼睑软组织肥厚，以及其他眶内软组织增生等特征性影像学改变出现比例，并按照累及组织结构情况分级评分，评估特征性影像学改变与血清IgG4水平之间的相关性。结果：29例病理确诊IgG4-ROD患者中，泪腺均受累，占比100%；眼外肌受累17例，占比58.62%；三叉神经分支受累5例(4例眶下神经受累，3例额神经病受累，2例眶下神经与额神经同时受累)，占比17.24%眼睑软组织肥厚24例，占比82.76%鼻黏膜出现类炎症反应15例，占比51.72%；合并眶内其他软组织增生性病变2例，占比6.90%。影像学中特征性受累组织结构分级评分与血清IgG4水平呈正相关(P < 0.05)。结论：IgG4-ROD影像学中特征性组织结构受累及范围与血清IgG4水平明显相关，可以辅助评估IgG4相关性疾病全身性严重程度。

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the imaging characteristics of patients with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) and the serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) levels, providing new insights for assessing the systemic severity of IgG4-related diseases. Methods: This study collected postoperative tissue samples from 29 patients with histopathologically conffrmed IgG4-ROD at the Ophthalmology Department of Jilin University Second Hospital from August 2023 to September 2024. TTis study retrospectively analyzed the correlation between patients' orbital imaging features and serum IgG4 levels, and explored the proportion of characteristic imaging changes including enlargement of the lacrimal gland, thickening of the trigeminal nerve branches, thickening of the extraocular muscles, inffammatory like changes of the nasal mucous membranes, hypertrophy of the eyelid soft tissues, as well as hyperplasia of other intraorbital soft tissues in the imaging. A grading score for affected tissue structures was established to evaluate the correlation between characteristic imaging changes and serum IgG4 levels. Results: Among the 29 patients diagnosed with IgG4-ROD, lacrimal gland involvement was observed in all patients (100%). Extraocular muscle involvement was present in 17 patients (58.62%). Five patients had involvement of the trigeminal nerve branches (including 4 with infraorbital nerve involvement and 3 with frontal nerve involvement, with 2 patients having simultaneous involvement of both nerves), accounting for 17.24% of the cases. Eyelid soff tissue hypertrophy was observed in 24 patients (82.76%), and nasal mucosal inflammatory responses were noted in 15 patients (51.72%). Additionally, two patients (6.90%) presented with other proliferative lesions within the orbit. The correlation analysis between the grading scores for imaging features and serum IgG4 levels demonstrated a significant positive correlation. Conclusions: The extent of characteristic structural involvement observed in the imaging features of IgG4-ROD is significantly correlated with serum IgG4 levels. TTis correlation can assist in evaluating the systemic severity of IgG4-related diseases and provides clinical evidence supporting the need for comprehensive systemic evaluations, such as PET-CT, in patients whose initial presentation is IgG4-related ophthalmic disease.

原发性干燥综合征 (primary Sjogren' s syndrome，SS) 是一种主要累及外分泌腺体的自身免疫性疾病，患者通常因为严重的干眼症状首先就诊于眼科，大多数临床医师对原发性干燥综合征相关性干眼 (Sjogren' s syndrome dry eye disease，SS-DED) 认识不足，可能导致漏诊和误诊。侵入性极小的客观检查及生物标志物的发展，将有助于发现 SS-DED 的真面目，并可能从新的角度阐释其发病机制，为其诊断、分类及治疗提供新的思路。SS-DED 的治疗没有特效的药物，大多数患者需接受多种方法的治疗，以了解哪些方法最有效。

Primary Sjogren' s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects exocrine glands. Patients usually refer to ophthalmologists because of severe dry eye symptoms. Most clinicians have insufficient knowledge with dry eye disease associated with primary Sjogren' s syndrome probably leading to misdiagnosis or missing the diagnosis. The diagnosis of Sjogren' s syndrome dry eye disease (SS-DED) is difficult, but the extremely invasive objective examination and the development of biomarkers will help to understand this disease and explain its pathogenesis from a new perspective. There is no specific treatment for the SS-DED, and most patients should receive multiple treatments to select the optimal treatment. 

年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)是一种发生在黄斑区的退行性变，其中湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性(wet age-related macular degeneration,wAMD)以黄斑区新生血管为主要病理特征，是导致老年人视力受损甚至失明的重要原因，视网膜下纤维化是wAMD最常见的自然后遗症，可导致光感受器、视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelial,RPE)和脉络膜毛细血管受损，导致不可逆转的中心视力丧失。多种基线特征被发现是视网膜下纤维化的危险因素，可用于预测早期视网膜下纤维化的发生。迄今为止，还没有有效的抗纤维化治疗方法，抗血管内皮生长因子(anti-vascular endothelia growth factor, anti-VEGF)治疗是wAMD的一线治疗方案，该治疗方法不能改善视网膜下纤维化，但及时启动治疗可能有助于预防或延缓纤维化的进展，目前多种靶向分子药物正被研发用于抗纤维化的治疗。该文综述了wAMD视网膜下纤维化的临床表现及意义、预测纤维化形成的基线特征、基本发病机制及潜在的抗纤维化治疗方法，旨在为临床诊治工作提供参考。

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the macular, and wet age-related macular degeneration(wAMD) is mainly characterized by macular neovascularization, which is an important reason of visual impairment or even blindness in the elderly. Subretinal fibrosis is the most common natural sequelae of wAMD, which can lead to irreversible central vision loss by damaging photoreceptors, RPE, and choroidal capillaries. Multiple baseline features have been identified as the risk factors for subretinal fibrosis, which can be used to predict the early subretinal fibrosis. Heretofore, no anti fibrotic treatment method is effective. Anti vascular endothelial growth factor (anti VEGF) treatment is the first-line treatment for wAMD. This therapy cannot improve subretinal fibrosis, but timely initiation of treatment may help prevent or delay the progression of fibrosis. Currently, multiple targeted molecular drugs are being developed for anti fibrotic treatment. This article reviews the clinical manifestations and significance of subretinal fibrosis in wet age-related macular degeneration, baseline features for predicting the formation of fibrosis, basic pathogenesis, and potential anti-fibrosis treatment methods,aiming to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.