目的：基于我国国情构建科学、简便且高效的眼科急诊预检分诊标准，为眼科医护人员提供高效的眼科急诊预检分诊工具。方法：基于文献查询法、半结构访谈法、德尔菲法及层次分析法确定眼科急诊预检分诊标准内容。通过提取2023年8月1日-2023年8月10日急诊分诊系统及HIMSS电子病历系统数据，分析初次分诊的级别与接诊医生最终诊断的所属级别符合率，对眼科急诊预检分诊标准体系的应用效果进行初步验证。结果：对18名专家进行２轮专家咨询，有效问卷回收率均为100%，专家权威系数均为0.95，肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.5640.117(均P＜0.05)。最终构建的眼科急诊预检分诊标准体系包括3个一级指标、11个二级指标。初步验证显示，该预检分诊标准体系具有92.7%的分诊准确率。结论：本研究构建的眼科急诊预检分诊标准体系结构合理、内容全面，具有科学性及实用性，可为眼科临床急诊预检分诊工作提供准确、有效的分诊工具，有助于提高临床工作效率及预检分诊质量。

Objective: To establish a scientific, simple, and efficient ophthalmic emergency pre-examination triage standard, and provide efficient ophthalmic emergency pre-examination triage tools for ophthalmic staffs, based on national conditions. Methods: With literature search, semi-structured interview, Delphi Method, and Analytic Hierarchy Process, the content of ophthalmic emergency pre-examination and triage standard are confirmed. By extracting data from the emergency triage system and HIMSS electronic medical record system from August 1st, 2023 to August 10th, 2023, the consistency rate between the initial triage level and the final diagnosis level of the attending doctor was analyzed, and the application effect of the ophthalmic emergency pre-examination and triage standard system was preliminarily verified. Results: Two rounds of expert consultation were conducted among 18 experts, all with a 100% effective questionnaire response rate. The expert authority coefficients were 0.95, and the Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.564 and 0.117, respectively (all P<0.05). The final constructed ophthalmic emergency pre-examination triage standard system includes 3 primary indicators and 11 secondary indicators. Through verification, the pre screening triage standard system has a good triage accuracy rate of up to 92.7%. Conclusions: The structure of the ophthalmic emergency pre-examination triage standard system constructed in this study is reasonable, comprehensive, scientific, and practical. It can provide accurate and effective triage tools for ophthalmic clinical emergency pre-examination triage work efficiency, and preexamination triage quality.

随着人口老龄化、生活方式的改变，眼科疾病患病人数的增加、国家眼病诊疗相关政策的持续推动、居民健康意识的逐渐提升，眼科门急诊患者数量持续增长，亟需构建科学的眼科急诊预检分诊标准，合理配置医疗资源，确保患者得到及时、恰当的治疗。国外已有医院依据患者症状或体征的严重程度对患者进行等级划分，建立起相对成熟的眼科急诊预检分诊模式，我国目前尚没有统一的、权威的眼科急诊预检分诊标准，国内外现行的眼科急诊预检分诊模式的分诊精准度及临床适用性有待进一步探索。该文通过综述国内外眼科急诊分诊标准及应用评价、眼科远程急诊预检分诊方式研究进展，以期为构建符合我国国情的、科学有效的眼科急诊预检分诊标准、提高眼科急诊分诊质量提供参考。

With the aging of population, the changing of lifestyle and the increasing number of ophthalmic emergency patients,Chinese national policies related to ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment are continually promoted, and residents' health awareness are gradually improved, the volume of ophthalmic outpatients and emergency patients continues to increase. It is urgent needed to establish scientific ophthalmic emergency pre-examination and triage criteria, to reasonably allocate medical resources, and to ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate treatment. The relatively mature ophthalmic emergency pre-examination and triage models with the severity of patients' symptoms or physical signs,have been established in foreign hospitals. Currently, there is no unified and authoritative ophthalmic emergency triage criteria in China. The accuracy and clinical applicability of the existing ophthalmic emergency triage models at home and abroad need to be further explored. This article reviewed the ophthalmic emergency triage criteria and application evaluation at home and abroad, and remote emergency triage in ophthalmology, in order to provide a reference for establishing a scientific and effective ophthalmic emergency triage criteria comformed Chinese national conditions, and improving the quality of ophthalmic emergency triage.

目的：构建眼科日间病房护理质量指标，为眼科日间病房的护理质量管理提供理论依据。方法：以Donabedian三维质量结构模式为理论框架，通过查阅文献、小组讨论，初步拟定眼科专科护理质量评价指标。通过专家函询，对指标进行筛选和修订，确定了眼科日间病房护理质量指标。结果：经过2轮函询，专家意见趋向一致，2轮问卷回收率均为100%，协调系数分别为0.129、0.342(P＜0.01)。构建的眼科专科护理质量指标包括3项一级指标，分别为结构指标(二级指标2项)、过程指标(二级指标8项)和结果指标(二级指标3项)。结论：该指标具有较高的科学性、可靠性、可行性以及专科特色，可为眼科日间病房护理质量的评价提供良好的方法。

Objective: To set up nursing quality indicators for ophthalmic intra-day ward, providing theoretical basis for nursing quality management in ophthalmic intra-day ward. Methods: Based on the "Donabedian three dimensional quality structure model" as the theoretical framework, the preliminary ophthalmic specialized nursing quality assessment indicators were designed by literature review and group discussion. The ophthalmic nursing quality indicators for intraday ward were finalized by expers consultated, indicators screened and revised. Results: After two rounds of inquration by letters, the opinions from the experts were consistent. Questionnaire response rates were both 100% in two rounds, with coordination coefficients of 0.129 and 0.342 respectively (P< 0.01). The nursing quality indicators for ophthalmic intra-day ward were established, including 3 primary indicators, which are structual indicators (2 secondary indicators), process indicators (8 secondary indicators) and outcome indicatiors(3 secondary indicators). Conclusion: The indicators are scientific, reliable, feasible with specialized characteristics, which can provide a good reference for evaluating the nursing quality in ophthalmic intra-day wards.

目的：总结全身麻醉斜视矫正日间手术服务模式的创建与安全管理方法。方法：回顾 2015 年 10 月至 2018 年 10 月期间全身麻醉下行斜视矫正日间手术患者共 9 570 例。改革护理管理模式，实施医护一体化，在实施过程中对患者进行严密的术前、术后护理管理：术前评估，健康教育前移、加强核查制度、严格监测患者生命体征；术后病情严格交接，家属及患者同步术后指导、离院后回访。结果：全身麻醉斜视矫正日间手术的 9 570 例患者，均未发生手术并发症，术后不适 34 例，占 0.36%，其中2例患者离院时出现头晕，2 例发生尿储留，30 例出现恶心、呕吐。护理人力由开展前 16 人减少到 12 人，节约 25%；患者等候手术时间缩短了 8 d，满意度由 70% 提高到 90%，平均住院时间由 3.2 d 减少为 1 d。结论：全身麻醉斜视矫正日间手术模式是一种新的医疗模式，开展全身麻醉日间手术不但可以节省医疗资源，还可提高患者满意度。

Objective: To summarize the establishment and safety management methods of ambulatory strabismus surgery that can provide the basis for carrying out ambulatory surgery nursing under general anesthesia. Methods:We carried out ambulatory surgery management that reformed nursing management model and delivered the integration of medical care in 9 570 patients undergoing strabismus surgery under general anesthesia from October 2015 to October 2018. In implementation process, we carefully managed the patients before and after operation including performing preoperative assessment and health education in advance, strengthening the verification system, strictly monitoring vital signs of the patients, strict shifting state of patients after operation, providing postoperative guidance to patients and their families, and performing follow-up clinic visits after leaving the hospital. Results: No surgical complications occurred in any of our cases. 34 patients had postoperative discomfort, accounting for 0.36%. Among these 34 patients, 2 had dizziness, 2 had urinary retention and 30 had nausea and vomiting. After treatments, all patients were discharged on schedule. The number of nurses reduced from 16 to 12 that fell by 25%. Wait times for operation reduced by 8 days. Patient satisfaction was improved from 70% to 90%. The mean length of hospital stay was reduced from 3 days to 1 day. Conclusion: The management of ambulatory surgery under general anesthesia is a new medical care service model. Careful planning and strict preoperative and postoperative safety management can ensure the safe implementation of strabismus surgery. Ambulatory surgery under general anesthesia has benefits to save medical resources and improve patient satisfaction.

探讨“健康快车”在方言环境下开展白内障健康教育的问题和对策。本文回顾 2017 年 9 至 11 月“健康快车”在广西贺州站开展的 1 227 台白内障扶贫手术，分析实施健康教育的难点，总结方法和技巧。最终 1 227 例白内障手术顺利完成，患者均能配合手术；住院过程中无跌倒、坠床等不良事件发生。采用以基地医院为主，“健康快车”为辅，患者和家属共同参与的健康宣教模式，对保证在方言环境下“健康快车”大批量白内障扶贫手术顺利开展有重要作用。

This article aims to explore the issues and countermeasures for the development of health education in the dialect environment. We reviewed 1 227 cataract-free surgeries performed in the “Health Express” from September to November 2017 at Hezhou, Guangxi, and analyzed the difficulties in implementing health education and summarizes methods and techniques. Finally, 1 227 cataract operations were successfully completed, and patients could cooperate with doctors. Besides, no adverse events, such as falling happened during hospitalization. The model of health education was based on the local hospital, then supplemented by “Health Express”, and both patient and family members participated. This model has guaranteed the smooth implementation of the “Health Express” large-scale surgeries for cataract in the dialect environment.

目的：贯彻落实国家卫生与计划生育委员会颁布的《新入职护士规范化培训大纲（试行）》，探索眼科专科医院新入职护士规范化培训方案，为建设眼科特色的规范化培训体系提供依据。方法：根据《新入职护士培训大纲（试行）》要求，结合眼科专科医院特点制定新入职护士规范化培训方案，对 2016 年新入职的 12 名眼科护士采用课堂讲授、小组讨论、工作坊、操作培训、情景模拟、案例分享、亚专科轮转等方式进行规范化培训，2 年后进行结业考核，包括理论知识考试、临床实践能力考核、案例汇报。结果：12 名眼科新入职护士经过 2 年规范化培训，结业考核成绩合格，通过率 100%；其中理论知识考试（87.33 ± 1.78）分，眼科护理技术操作（94.00 ± 1.57）分，基础护理技术操作（92.17 ± 2.90）分，案例汇报（92.56 ± 3.23）分。结论：实施眼科新入职护士规范化培训方案，有利于系统性培训新入职眼科护士，对提高眼科专科新护士整体护理水平必不可少，合理、合适、实用的课程设置和培训方法可调动新入职护士参加培训的主动性、积极性。

Objective: To implement the National Health and Family Planning Commission’s standardized training program for newly employed nurses (trial), and to explore the standardized training program for new nurses in ophthalmology hospitals. To provide the basis for constructing the standardized training system of ophthalmology characteristics. Methods: According to the requirements of the new nurse training outline (trial) and the characteristics of the ophthalmology hospital, the standardized training program for the new entrant nurses was formulated. The 12 new ophthalmic nurses in 2016 were taught in class, discussed in group, and worked out in theworkshop. Operational training, situational simulation, case sharing, sub-specialist rotation and other methods for standardized training. After the completion of the examination, including theoretical knowledge examination, clinical practice assessment, case report. Results: After 2-year standardized training, 12 new ophthalmology nurses passed the examination, and the average score of theoretical knowledge examination was 87.33±1.78, the average score of ophthalmic nursing technique was 94.00±1.57, the average score of theoretical knowledge test was 87.33±1.78, the average score of ophthalmic nursing technique operation was 94.00±1.57, the average score of basic nursing operation was 92.17±2.90, and the average score of case report was 92.56±3.23. Conclusion:The implementation of standardized training program is beneficial to systematic training of new ophthalmic nurses. It is necessary, reasonable, appropriate and practical to improve the whole nursing level of new nurses in ophthalmology specialty. The curriculum and training method can arouse the initiative and enthusiasm of new nurses to participate in the training.

眼科研究型医院是推动医学创新与成果转化的核心平台。其中，专职临床研究护士（clinical research nurse，CRN）在提升临床研究的规范性及整体质量方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。然而，当前国内尚缺乏针对眼科领域CRN管理模式的系统总结和实践指导，制约了该群体专业价值的充分发挥和制度化建设的推进。本研究以中山大学中山眼科中心（三级甲等眼科研究型医院）2013—2024年间的CRN管理实践为样本，系统梳理其管理体系的构建路径与实施成效。研究发现，通过构建“准入-培训-双轨管理”体系和实践模式，能够显著提升CRN队伍的专业能力和研究项目的整体质量。机构质控数据显示，配备CRN后的研究项目质量评分由（67.5±17.2）分显著提升至（99.3±1.0）分（P<0.001），证实了该体系的有效性和可行性。研究结果还为我国眼科临床研究护理专业化发展提供了可复制的实践模板，还进一步分析提炼出CRN的三项核心职能：一是项目管理中的流程优化，保障研究环节高效协同；二是参与者管理，强化对参与者权益的保护；三是数据质量控制，确保研究数据的准确性与完整性。在此基础上，针对当前CRN发展中普遍存在的职责不清、培训缺失、政策滞后等问题，本文还提出推动“层级化培训常态化”“政策规范细则化”等优化建议，助力我国眼科临床研究由“经验驱动”向“体系驱动”转型，为临床研究护理专业化提供实践模板和决策参考。

Ophthalmic research hospitals serve as critical platforms for advancing medical innovation and translating research outcomes into practice. Dedicated Clinical Research Nurses (CRNs) play a pivotal role in enhancing the quality, compliance, and integrity of clinical research conducted within these settings. However, in China, there remains a lack of systematic models and practical guidance for CRN management specific to the field of ophthalmology, which has hindered the full realization of their professional value and the advancement of institutionalized development. This study examined CRN management practices at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, a Grade A tertiary ophthalmic research hospital, between 2013 and 2024 as a case example to systematically examine the development pathway and outcomes of its CRN management system. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of a standardized system encompassing entry qualifications, tiered training, and structured practice models significantly enhanced both the professional competency of CRNs and the overall quality of clinical research projects. According to institutional quality control data, the quality score of clinical research projects increased significantly from 67.5±17.2 to 99.3±1.0 (P<0.001) following the integration of CRNs. Moreover, the study identifies three core functional domains of CRNs: (1) optimizing research processes to improve project coordination and efficiency; (2) managing research participants to safeguard ethical compliance and rights protection; and (3) ensuring data quality and integrity through rigorous oversight. In response to persistent challenges such as unclear role definitions, insufficient training systems, and lagging policy support, the study proposes actionable strategies, including the institutionalization of hierarchical and continuous training as well as the refinement of policy frameworks. These findings provide a scalable and evidence-based reference for promoting the professionalization and systemic development of ophthalmic clinical research nursing in China.

     总结20例高度近视固定性内斜视的护理经验。认为术前做好心理护理及自我护理管理教育；术后做好眼部的观察和护理，密切观察眼部症状，及时处理并发症，详细做好出院宣教及电话回访，是保证治疗效果，预防并发症，提高患者生活质量的关键。

To summarize the nursing experience of 20 cases of high myopia complicated with fixed esotropia. Before surgery, psychological nursing and self-care education were necessary. After the operation, ocular symptoms and complications should be closely observed and treatment in a timely manner. Explicit instructions after discharge and telephone follow-up played a pivotal role in improving clinical efficacy, preventing complications and enhancing patients' quality of life． 

目的：规范感染性角膜炎的隔离管理。方法：回顾性分析感染性角膜炎患者在住院期间发生交叉感染的危险因素，探讨现行的隔离管理措施是否有效。结果：隔离管理到位，5年的院感发生率为0.08%。结论：规范感染性角膜炎的隔离管理，能有效地预防医院感染。

Objective: To standardized the isolation and management of infectious keratitis. Methods: Risk factors of cross-infection of patients with infectious keratitis during their hospitalization were retrospectively reviewed to investigate whether the current isolation management is effective. Results: The current isolation management is effective since the incidence of hospital infection was 0.08% in past 5 years. Conclusion: Standardized the isolation management of infectious keratitis can prevent hospital infection efficaciously. 

目的：探讨眼外伤门诊急诊与住院病房一体化管理模式。方法：中山大学中山眼科中心于2015年4月成立眼外伤急诊部，组建眼外伤急诊队伍，实现眼外伤门诊急诊与住院病房一体化管理，即眼外伤患者从门诊到病房的接诊、治疗、随访进行一体化管理，简化急诊诊疗流程，最大限度保证医疗护理质量。结果：眼外伤门诊急诊与住院病房一体化管理模式是一种以患者为中心的新型管理模式。该模式能保障急诊患者诊治的及时性、连贯性；缩短急诊患者就诊到等候手术的时间，提高患者就诊满意度；在保证医疗质量的同时，医护人力资源得到合理高效使用；并取得较好的社会效益与经济效益。结论：眼外伤门诊急诊与住院病房一体化管理模式具备长远发展及推广的价值。

Objective: To discuss the integrated management in emergency department and wards for patients of ocular trauma. Methods: The emergency department and the team were organized in April 2015 to simplify the process of treatment for patients of ocular trauma, and to improve the benefit and outcome for those patients. Results: The integrated management of emergency department and wards for patients of ocular trauma was a new management model focusing upon the benefit of patients. This model could guarantee the timeliness and continuity by reducing waiting time for diagnosis or operations. The integrated model had obvious economic and social benefits by improving quality of care and reasonably using human resource. Conclusion: TTe integrated management model in emergency department and wards for patients of ocular trauma is worthy of further application.