作为一种新型无创且操作简单的主观检查手段，临界闪烁融合频率(critical flicker fusionfrequency,CFF)可动态反映人眼视功能变化情况。作为早期识别脱髓鞘病变和评估视功能恢复情况的敏感指标，上个世纪已被国外学者用于视网膜和视神经疾病研究中，包括氯喹中毒性视网膜病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、中心性浆液性视网膜病变、年龄相关的黄斑病变、乙胺丁醇中毒性视神经病变、视神经炎和非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变。在视网膜和视神经疾病中，CFF均有不同程度下降，依据CFF改善程度以及主要损害的色光可能有助于视网膜和视神经疾病的鉴别，且CFF与其他视功能，视力、视野、视觉诱发电位的潜时具有较好的相关性。目前国内相关研究尚处于起步阶段，本文就CFF在视网膜和视神经疾病的应用情况做一总结。

As a new non-invasive and simple subjective examination method, critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) can dynamically reflect the changes of visual function of human eyes. As a sensitive indicator for early identification of demyelinating diseases and assessment of visual function recovery, it has been used by foreign scholars in the last century in the field of retinal and optic nerve diseases, including chloroquine toxic retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, central serous retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy, optic neuritis and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Though there was a different decrease of CFF in retina and optic nerve diseases, it may be helpful for the differentiation of retinal and optic nerve diseases according to the degree of CFF improvement and the main damaged color light. Moreover, CFF has a good correlation with other visual functions, visual acuity, visual field, and peak time of visual evoked potential. At present, and relevant domestic studies is still in its infancy. This article summarizes the application of CFF in retinal and optic nerve diseases.

目的：分析单中心神经眼科疾病谱及流行病学特点，为指导神经眼科疾病诊断和治疗提供基础。方法：纳入2010年1月1日—2021年12月31日中国人民解放军总医院神经眼科病区收治的神经眼科疾病患者，从电子病例系统检索和记录所有纳入病例的年龄、性别、地区分布及病种亚型分析。结果：共计7245例神经眼科患者纳入统计，其中男性3331例(46.0%)、女性3914例(54.0%)，男女比例1∶1.2；年龄(38.2±17.5)岁。83.25%(6031/7245)为传入神经系统疾病，9.92%(719/7245)为传出神经系统疾病和眼眶疾病，6.83%(495/7245)未归类。病种分析显示，占比最高的是脱髓鞘性视神经炎(demyelinating optic neuritis,DON)，为40.17%(2910/7245)；占比第二的是非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)，为11.37%(824/7245)；占比第三的是外伤性视神经病变5.15%(373/7245)，其中7.85%(569/7245)表现为不明原因视神经萎缩。从年龄分布来看，DON和外伤性视神经病变患者中18~40岁者占比最高(分别为48.63%和44.24%)，NAION患者中41~60岁者占比最高(66.14%)，小于18岁的未成年患者在遗传性视神经病变中占比最高，比例为48.58%。在2226例DON患者中，视神经脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica,NMO)/视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder,NMOSD)比例最高，为60.02%；髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体(myelinoligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody,MOG-IgG)阳性视神经炎比例为11.68%；多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)和MS相关性视神经炎和慢性复发性炎性视神经病变(chronic recurrent inflammatory optic neuropathy,CRION)占比较低，分别是1.8%和2.25%。DON整体患者中，男女比例为1∶3.08；在NMO/NMOSD患者中男女比例为1∶8；MOG阳性视神经炎患者中，男女比例为4∶5；在非典型视神经炎患者中，男性比例高于女性，为1.28∶1；DON患者中，81.79%患者为中青年，MOG阳性视神经炎未成年患者可达41.15%。结论：DON和NAION是神经眼科传入系统疾病最常见两大病种。

Objective: To analyze the spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of neuro-ophthalmic diseases from single center, and to provide basis for guiding the diagnosis and treatment of neuro-ophthalmic diseases. Methods: Patients with neuro-ophthalmic diseases admitted to the neuro-ophthalmology ward of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2021 were enrolled. The age, gender, regional distribution and disease subtypes of all included patients were retrieved and recorded from the electronic case system. Results: A total of 7245 patients with neuro-ophthalmic diseases were enrolled, including 3331 males(46.0%)and 3914 females(54.0%), with a male to female ratio of 1:1.2. The average age was 38.2±17.5 years. 83.25%(6031/7245)were afferent nervous system diseases, 9.92% (719/7245)were efferent nervous system diseases and orbital diseases, and 6.83%(495/7245)were not classified. The ratio of demyelinating optic neuritis(DON)was the highest(40.17%,2910/7245), followed by nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)(11.37%,824/7245)and traumatic optic neuropathy(TON) (5.15%,373/7245). The ratio of optic nerve atrophy with unknown causes was 7.85%(569/7245). Characteristics of age distribution, the DON and TON were more common in 18-40 age group(the proportion were 48.63% and 44.24%,respectively), the NAION was common in 41-60 age group(66.14%), and the hereditary optic neuropathy was common in younger 18 age group (48.58%). In 2226 DON patients, the proportion of neuromyelitis optica(NMO)/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD)-optic neuritis(ON)was the highest(60.02%)and myelinoligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody(MOG-IgG)ON was 11.68%, while multiple sclerosis(MS)-ON and chronic recurrent inflammatory optic neuropathy(CRION)were relatively low(1.8% and 2.25%,respectively). In DON patients, the male to female ratio was 1:3.08. In NMO/NMOSD-ON patients, the ratio of male to female was 1:8, and that of MOG-ON was 4:5. In atypical ON, the ratio of male to female was higher than that of female(1.28:1). In DON patients, 81.79% of patients were young and middle-aged, and the proportion of children with MOG-ON(less than 18 years old)was 41.15%.Conclusions: DON and NAION are the two most common diseases of neuro-ophthalmic afferent system.

后视路病变是视交叉以后的视觉通路其本身或毗邻结构发生病变，引起视觉功能改变的一类疾病。神经眼科医生比较熟悉枕叶病变引起的对称性同侧偏盲，但枕极(纹状皮质的最后部分)的病变产生中心性对称性同向盲点，此类视野改变容易被忽略或误诊。该文报道一例老年男性患者，因双眼视觉清晰度下降、视物变形就诊。眼科检查：最佳矫正视力：右眼0.8，左眼1.0，FM-100检查提示重度色觉异常，颅脑磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)提示双侧枕叶脑梗死(右侧枕极部，左侧纹状皮质前部)，24-2 Humphrey视野检查可见双眼同向暗点趋势(不典型)，10-2 Humphrey视野检查可见双眼中心视野同向偏盲(暗点)，故而确诊。后视路病变可引起多种特征性的视野改变，可伴有高级视功能异常及其他神经系统症状和体征，是神经眼科的重要组成部分。该例枕极脑梗死病变产生对称性同向性盲点伴色觉改变患者的诊治过程，提示需关注后视路病变视野改变的多样性及其他视觉功能异常，提高早期诊断率，改善患者预后。

The disease of the posterior visual pathway is a kind of lesion in which the visual pathway itselfor its adjacent structure changes after optic chiasma causes pathological changes, resulting in changes in visual function. Neuro-ophthalmologists are familiar with symmetrical ipsilateral hemianopia caused by occipital lobe lesions, but occipital tip (the last part of the striatal cortex) lesions produce central symmetrical homonymous scotomas, which can easily be overlooked or misdiagnosed. This article reported a case of an olderly male patient treated with decreased binocular visual clarity and distortion. Ophthalmology examination: best corrected visual acuity: 0.8 in the right eye, 1.0 in the left eye; FM-100 examination indicated severe dyschromatopsia; cranial magnetic resonance imaging: infarction of bilateral occipital lobe (right portion of the occipital tip and left anterior portion of striate cortex); 24-2 Humphrey field examination showed a tendency of homonymous scotoma in bilateral eyes (atypical); 10-2 Humphrey field examination showed homonymous hemianopia (scotoma) in the central visual field. These results confirm a diagnosis of the disease of the posterior visual pathway. As an important part of neuro-ophthalmology, the posterior visual pathway can cause various characteristic visual field defects, which can be accompanied by advanced visual dysfunction and other neurological symptoms and signs. The diagnosis and treatment process of this case of occipital tip cerebral infarction with symmetrical homonymous blind spot accompanied by color vision changes suggests that attention should be paid to the diversity of visual field changes and other visual functional abnormalities in the posterior visual pathway lesions, so as to improve the early diagnosis rate and prognosis of the patient s.

目的：探讨小剂量利妥昔单抗(rituximab, RTX)预防视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, NMOSD)复发的有效性和安全性。方法：采用前瞻性自身对照试验，选取2020年7月至2021年4月临床确诊为NMOSD的38例患者进行研究，给予小剂量RTX治疗。所有患者均进行病史采集、眼科检查和血清学指标检测，记录NMOSD年复发率(ARR)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、合并自身抗体情况和追加治疗的情况。视力检查采用Snellen视力表进行，并将结果转换为最小分辨角对数(logMAR)视力记录。随访至少12个月（17.29±2.2）个月，以末次随访为疗效判定时间点，比较治疗前后ARR、BCVA；分析复发与发病年龄、是否合并自身免疫抗体阳性和患自身免疫性疾病的关系。记录不良反应的发生率和追加治疗的时间。结果：共38例患者61眼纳入研究。其中男性4例，女性34例。发病年龄12~60岁，中位发病年龄23 (18~29.3)岁。病程10.0~265个月，中位病程65 (48.3~101.0)个月。治疗前logMAR矫正视力(1.15±0.13)，治疗后logMAR矫正视力(1.54±0.39)，比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.120，P=0.267)。治疗前ARR(1.50±0.86)次/年，治疗后ARR降低为(0.12±0.07)次/年，比较差异有统计学意义(t=8.304，P<0.001)。追加治疗时间为(6.4±2.3)月。随访期间3例患者复发，复发次数为 5次。 复发者与未复发者的发病年龄、合并免疫抗体阳性比例、合并自身免疫性疾病比例比较，差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。38例患者中，出现输注不良反应7例，给予减慢RTX滴速及加用地塞米松5 mg治疗后均缓解，随访期间未见其他明显不良反应。结论：小剂量RTX可以有效清除B淋巴细胞，预防NMOSD复发，且安全性较好。

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with low-dose rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Methods: A prospective self-control study. A total of 38 patients who were diagnosed with NMOSD from July 2020 to April 2021 were recruited for rituximab treatment. All patients collected medical history, ophthalmic examination and serological test. Recorded the annual recurrence rate (ARR), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), combined autoantibodies and therapy times after the first treatment. The BCVA was examined using Snellen chart, and converted to logMAR. The patients were followed up at least 12(17.29±2.2) months, and the last follow-up was taken as the time point of efficacy evaluation. ARR and BCVA before and after treatment were compared. To analyze the relationship between relapse and age of onset, combination of autoimmune antibodies and autoimmune diseases. The incidence of side effects and duration of additional therapy were recorded. Results: A total of 38 NMOSD patients (4 male/34 female, 61 involved eyes) were included in this study. The ages of onset age were 12-60 years, the median onset age was 23 (18~29.3) years. Duration of disease was 10.0~265 months, the median duration was 65 (48.3~101.0) months. Before treatment, the mean BCVA was 1.15 ± 0.13 , the mean BCVA at last follow-up was 1.54 ± 0.39, which was no significant difference (t=1.120, P=0.267). The mean ARR before and after treatment were 1.50±0.86 and 0.12 ± 0.07, respectively, with significant difference (t=8.304, P<0.001). The mean reinfusion period was 6. 4±2.3 months. Five relapses in 3 patients were observed. There were no significant difference between relapsed patients and non-relapsed patients on onset age, with/without auto-immune antibody ratio, with/without auto-immune diseases ratio (all P>0.05). Of 38 patients, 7 patients had side effects, all patients who had side effects, slowing down the infusion speed of RTX or infusing 5 mg of dexamethasone could relieve the discomfort. Conclusions: Low-dose RTX can effectively clear B lymphocytes, prevent NMOSD recurrence and with good safety.

视神经炎(optic neuritis,ON)是指视神经的炎性脱髓鞘病变，是引起中青年人视力下降的主要原因。近年来，髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体阳性视神经炎(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive ON,MOG-ON)成为神经眼科领域的研究热点，国内外报道不断增加。2021年3月，中华医学会眼科学分会神经眼科学组制定了《中国脱髓鞘性视神经炎诊断和治疗循证指南(2021年)》，将MOG-ON作为新的视神经炎亚型纳入脱髓鞘性视神经炎的诊疗体系，给广大眼科医生提供了新的参考依据。因此，临床医生需要充分认识MOG抗体相关疾病和MOG-ON的临床特征和治疗进展，努力提高其诊断和治疗水平，使此类患者能够得到更多的获益，造福于更多的视神经疾病患者。

Optic neuritis(ON)is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the optic nerve, which is the main cause of vision loss in young and middle-aged people. In recent years, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive ON(MOG-ON)has become a research hotspot in the field of neuro-ophthalmology, and reports at home and abroad are increasing.In March 2021, the Neuro-ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association formulated the Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in China(2021) , and included MOG-ON as a new optic neuritis subtype in the diagnosis and treatment system of myelinating optic neuritis providing a new reference for the majority of ophthalmologists. Therefore, clinicians need to fully understand the clinical features and treatment progress of MOG antibody-related diseases and MOG-ON, and strive to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment, so that such patients can get more benefits and benefit more patients with optic nerve diseases.