目的：了解新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病情况及其相关因素，为制定科学有效的眼健康防控策略提供依据。方法：选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县3 261名在校儿童青少年，对其进行裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、屈光度、眼位和眼底情况等检查，并通过问卷调查收集其基本人口学信息、近视家族史、用眼情况和睡眠情况，采用Logistic回归分析7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病的相关因素。结果：英吉沙县儿童青少年弱视的患病率为1.99%（95%·CI: 1.51~2.47）。弱视患病率在学生类型、性别、近视家族史、主观睡眠质量、每天写作业时间、每天睡眠时间等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），在斜视、近视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间等方面比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析结果显示，斜视、远视、屈光参差及每天使用电子产品时间与弱视相关，对应的OR值相应为3.82（95%CI: 1.93~7.58，P＜0.001）、10.88（95%CI: 4.85~24.40，P＜0.001）、13.54（95%CI:6.84~26.78，P＜0.001）和0.25（95%CI: 0.12~0.54, P＜0.001），合并斜视、远视或屈光参差的儿童青少年患弱视的风险增加。每天使用电子产品时间＞60 min的儿童青少年患弱视风险较使用时间≤60 min降低。弱视类型以屈光不正性弱视和屈光参差性弱视为主。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年人群中，屈光不正和屈光参差是弱视患病的主要原因。斜视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间是弱视的影响因素。

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive investigation into the prevalence of amblyopia and its influencing factors among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang. The ojective is to furnish a solid basis for formulating scientific and effective eye health prevention and control strategies. Methods: A total of 3,261 school-aged children and adolescents in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, were selected for this study. The examinations included uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, and fundus condition. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, family history of myopia, daily eye-use habits, and sleep status. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, and logistic regression was employed to explore factors associated with amblyopia in children and adolescents aged 7-16. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of amblyopia among children and adolescents in Yingjisha County was 1.99% （95% CI: 1.51-2.47）. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of amblyopia across student type, sex, family history of myopia, subjective sleep quality, daily homework duration, or daily sleep duration. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in cases involving strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia, and daily screen time. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that strabismus (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.93-7.58, P < 0.001), hyperopia (OR = 10.88, 95% CI: 4.85-24.40, P < 0.001), and anisometropia (OR = 13.54, 95% CI: 6.84–26.78, P < 0.001) were positively correlated with amblyopia. Conversely, children and adolescents who used electronic devices for >60 minutes per day had a lower risk of amblyopia (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.54, P < 0.001) compared to those with ≤60 minutes or less of daily screen time. The most common type of amblyopia was mixed amblyopia （60.00%）, followed by anisometropic amblyopia （23.08%）, refractive amblyopia （12.31%）, and strabismic amblyopia （4.62%）. Among mixed amblyopia cases, the combination of refractive amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia was the predominant pattern （64.10%）. Conclusions: Refractive errors and anisometropia are the main causes of amblyopia. Strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia and the duration of electronic device use are identified as influencing factors for amblyopia.

目的：调查新疆英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年近视前期 ( 屈光度≤+0.75 D且>-0.50 D)患病率及其相关因素,为该地区近视防控提供依据。方法：在2024年5—6月采用简单抽样法选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县一所中学和芒辛镇一所小学的学生进行问卷调查、视力、散瞳验光、眼轴、眼前段、眼底检查等横断面评估，分析纳入等效球镜(spherical equivalent，SE)度数较高眼的数据，采用单因素和多因素逻辑回归分析人口学特征、家族史、用眼行为、生活习惯等潜在相关因素与近视前期的关系。结果：共纳入3 247名参与者，男性占50.14%，女性占49.86%。近视前期1 652人(50.88%)，近视621人(19.12%)，非近视974人(30.00%)。近视前期患病率为50.88%(95%CI:49.16%~52.60%)，近视患病率为19.12%(95%CI:17.81%~20.51%)。多因素回归分析显示，女性(OR=2.56, 95%CI:2.09~3.13, P<0.001)、较大年龄(OR=1.19, 95%CI:1.13~1.24 , P<0.001)和较长眼轴(OR=2.68, 95%CI: 2.31~3.11 , P<0.001)是近视前期的相关因素。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年中，半数处于近视前期，其相关因素包括年龄偏大、女性及眼轴偏长。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of pre-myopia (defined as spherical equivalent ≤+0.75 D and >−0.50 D) and its related factors among children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in Yengisar County, Xinjiang, China, providing evidence for regional myopia prevention. Methods: In May and June 2024, a comprehensive assessment was carried out on students selected through simple sampling from a middle school in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and a primary school in Mangxin Town, Yingjisha County. ,The assessment included a questionnaire survey, visual acuity test, dilated eye refraction measurement, axial length measurement, anterior segment examination, and fundus examination. The data included eyes with high spherical equivalent (SE) power. Single-factor and multiple-factor logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics, family history, eye-use behavior, lifestyle habits, and other potential related factors with pre myopia. Results: A total of 3,247 participants were included in the study, with 50.14% being male and 49.86% female. Among them, 1,652 (50.88%) individuals had preclinical myopia, 621 (19.12%) had myopia, and 974 (30.00%) had non myopia. The preclinical prevalence of myopia was 50.88% (95% CI: 49.16-52.60), and the prevalence of myopia was 19.12% (95% CI: 17.81-20.51). Multivariate regression analysis showed that female (OR=2.56, 95% CI: 2.09-3.13, P<0.001), older age (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.24, P<0.001), and longer axial length (OR=2.68, 95% CI: 2.31-3.11, P<0.001) were related factors in the preclinical stage of myopia. Conclusions: Among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, Half were in the preclinical stage of myopia. The related factors include older age, female gender, and axial length.

目的：评估分析新疆地区14个地州6~18岁学龄儿童青少年屈光参差的患病率、空间分布特征和影响因素，为制定区域性眼健康干预策略提供科学依据。方法：采用横断面研究设计，纳入新疆地区14个地州的小学、初中及高中学生共64 277名，收集其人口学特征、屈光状态及地域分布数据。通过等效球镜度（spherical equivalent，SE）评估屈光状态，近视为SE ≤ -0.50 D，屈光参差为眼间SE差异≥1.0 D，采用Moran's I分析屈光参差患病率的空间分布，采用单因素及多因素回归分析探讨屈光参差的危险因素。结果：屈光参差的总体患病率为17.9%（95% CI：17.6%～18.2%），女性屈光参差患病率（18.8%）高于男性（16.9%），汉族（23.9%）高于维吾尔族（11.7%）和其他民族（18.4%）（P<0.001）。屈光参差患病率呈空间聚集分布(Moran's I = 0.450，P = 0.043，Z = 2.026)，并且存在地域差异，昌吉最高（24.1%），克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州最低（7.9%），城市（19.0%）高于农村（15.6%），北疆（19.9%）高于南疆（13.5%）（P<0.001）。屈光参差的患病率与年龄呈正相关，6岁为9.8%，18岁达22.4%。多因素回归分析显示，女性、北疆地区、近视和较高年龄是屈光参差的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：新疆地区学龄儿童青少年屈光参差患病率较高，在空间上呈聚集分布，且存在显著的人口学及地域差异，女性、北疆地区、近视和较高年龄是屈光参差的独立危险因素，建议加强对高危人群的视力筛查及早期干预。  

Objective: To evaluate and analyze the prevalence, spatial distribution characteristics, and influencing factors of anisometropia among school-aged children and adolescents aged 6-18 across 14 prefectures in Xinjiang, thereby providing a scientific foundation for formulation of regional eye health intervention strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, including 64,277 students from primary, middle, and high schools in 14 prefectures of Xinjiang. Data on demographic characteristics, refractive status, and geographical distribution were collected. Refractive status was assessed using spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE ≤ -0.50 D, and anisometropia was defined as an interocular SE difference ≥ 1.0 D. Moran's I analysis was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of anisometropia prevalence. Additionally, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for anisometropia. Results: The overall prevalence of anisometropia was 17.9% (95% CI: 17.6%-18.2%). The prevalence was higher among females (18.8%) compared to males (16.9%), and higher among Han Chinese (23.9%) than among Uyghurs (11.7%) and other ethnic groups (18.4%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of anisometropia showed a spatially clustered distribution (Moran's I = 0.450, P= 0.043, Z-score = 2.026) , with notable regional variations. Changji had the highest prevalence (24.1%), while Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture had the lowest (7.9%). Urban areas (19.0%) had a higher prevalence than rural areas (15.6%), and northern Xinjiang (19.9%) had a higher prevalence than southern Xinjiang (13.5%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of anisometropia was positively correlated with age, increasing from 9.8% at age 6 to 22.4% at age 18. Multivariate regression analysis showed that female gender, residing in northern Xinjiang, myopia, and older age were independent risk factors for anisometropia. Conclusions: The prevalence of anisometropia among school-aged children and adolescents in Xinjiang is relatively high, showing a spatially clustered distribution with significant demographic and regional disparities. Female gender, residing in northern Xinjiang, myopia, and older age are independent risk factors for anisometropia. It is recommended to enhance vision screening and implement early intervention for high-risk populations.

目的：干眼已成为影响儿童和青少年眼健康的重要问题，但其流行病学特征及相关因素尚未在中国西部地区儿童和青少年群体中得到充分研究。本研究旨在调查新疆喀什地区英吉沙县学龄儿童和青少年的干眼患病率，并分析其相关因素，为儿童和青少年干眼的防治提供流行病学依据。方法：本研究为横断面研究，于2024年5—6月在英吉沙县第三中学和芒辛镇中心小学开展，共纳入3 305名在校儿童和青少年进行问卷调查，并随机抽取557名儿童和青少年进行眼表检查。采用眼表综合分析仪测量泪河高度和非接触泪膜破裂时间。干眼诊断基于世界泪膜与眼表学会发布的第二版干眼专家共识（2017）。采用多因素logistic回归分析干眼的相关因素。结果：在557名参与儿童和青少年中，干眼患病率为16.88%（94/557）。不同性别间干眼患病率比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.81）。干眼患病率随年龄增长而增加，具有显著的线性趋势。任一眼有屈光不正的儿童和青少年干眼患病率更高（29.05% vs. 12.47%，P<0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄（OR=1.21）和屈光不正（OR=2.72）是干眼的危险因素，性别、身体质量指数、右眼眼轴长度及父母近视情况无关。结论：新疆喀什地区英吉沙县学龄儿童和青少年的干眼患病率与全国均值相近且偏低，年龄增长和屈光不正显著增加干眼患病风险，应关注儿童和青少年屈光状态对眼表健康的影响，并采取相应的预防措施。

Objective: Dry eye (DED) has emerged as an important ocular health concern among children and adolescents. However, in pediatric populations in western China, its epidemiological characteristics and associated risk factors have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DED and analyze its risk factors among school-age children and adolescents in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, so as to provide a solid evidence base for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024 at Yingjisha County No. 3 Middle School and Mangxin Central Primary School. A total of 3,305 school children and adolescents completed the questionnaire, and 557 of them were randomly selected for ocular surface examinations. The Keratograph 5M was used to measure tear meniscus height (TMH) and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT). DED diagnosis adhered to the Dry Eye WorkShop II 2017 (DEWS II) criteria published by Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society (TFOS). Multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate the associated risk factors. Results: Among the 557 children and adolescents who underwent examinations, the prevalence of DED was 16.88% (94/557). No statistically significant difference was observed between genders (P = 0.81). The prevalence of DED increased with age, showing a significant linear trend. Participants with refractive errors in either eye had a significantly higher prevalence of DED (29.05% vs. 12.47%, P< 0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified age (OR = 1.21) and refractive error (OR = 2.72) as risk factors. No significant associations were found for gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), axial length of the right eye, or parental myopia. Conclusions: The prevalence of DED among school-age children and adolescents in Yingjisha County is either comparable to or slightly lower than, the national average. Age and refractive error substantially increase the risk of DED. Greater attention should be directed towards children’s refractive status to protect ocular surface health and implement early preventive measures.

目的：分析新疆眼科资源配置现状，为优化地区资源配置提供依据。方法：采用问卷调查收集新疆眼科医疗机构数、床位数、医师数及护士数资料，运用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数评估其在人口和地域面积的配置公平性。结果：2024年新疆每10万人口有眼科医疗机构0.68个、眼科床位13.90张、眼科医师7.68人、眼科护士5.88人。按人口配置：眼科医疗机构数、眼科床位数、眼科医师数、眼科护士数的基尼系数分别为0.22、0.23、0.26、0.29（相对公平）；按地域面积配置：眼科医疗机构数、眼科床位数、眼科医师数、眼科护士数的基尼系数分别为0.40、0.60、0.59、0.60（高度不公平）。结论：新疆眼科资源总量显著提升，但地域配置公平性极差（基尼系数普遍大于0.4），护士配置明显不足。亟须优化资源配置策略，重点提升地域（尤其是偏远广阔地区）可及性并加强护士队伍建设。

Objective: To analyze the equity of ophthalmic resource allocation in Xinjiang and provide evidence for optimizing distribution. Methods: Data on the number of ophthalmic medical institutions,beds, physicians, and nurses in Xinjiang were collected through questionnaires. The Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to evaluate allocation equity in terms of population and geographic area. Results: In 2024，Xinjiang had 0.68 ophthalmic medical institutions,13.90 ophthalmic beds, 7.68 ophthalmic physicians,and 5.88 ophthalmic nurses per 100,000 population. Population-based allocation showed Gini coefficients of 0.22, 0.23, 0.26,and 0.29 for ophthalmic institutions,beds, physicians,and nurses respectively (relatively equitable). Geographic area-based allocation yielded Gini coefficients of 0.40, 0.60, 0.59, and 0.60 for the same categories (highly inequitable). Conclusions: While the total ophthalmic resources in Xinjiang have significantly increased, geographic allocation remains extremely inequitable (Gini coefficients generally >0.4), with particularly insufficient nurse staffing. Urgent optimization of resource allocation strategies is needed, focusing on improving accessibility in remote areas and strengthening the nursing workforce.

目的：调查新疆喀什地区英吉沙县芒辛镇60岁及以上老年人群眼底疾病患病率及其分布特征，分析该地区眼底疾病流行病学现状，为西部高海拔地区眼底疾病防控策略制定和基层眼健康服务体系建设提供科学依据和数据支撑。方法：采用横断面研究设计，于2024年5—6月对芒辛镇60岁及以上常住人口进行调查。纳入标准为年龄≥60岁、在当地连续居住≥6个月、自愿参与并签署知情同意书者。=采用标准化眼科检查包括视力测定、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底照相等，同时进行结构化问卷调查收集基本信息、生命体征测量和实验室检查。眼底疾病诊断严格按照国内外相关诊断标准执行，采用SPSS24.0软件进行统计分析，计算各类眼底疾病患病率及其95%置信区间。结果：共调查1 310名老年人，响应率为76.76%。研究对象中男性669人（51.1%），女性641人（48.9%），平均年龄68.4±6.6岁。眼底疾病总患病率为16.1%（95% CI：14.2~18.0）。各类眼底疾病患病率依次为：年龄相关性黄斑变性5.9%（77例），视神经萎缩2.8%（36例），黄斑前膜2.3%（30例），糖尿病性视网膜病变1.8%（23例），其他黄斑病变1.07%（14例）、高血压性视网膜病变0.99%（13例）。其他眼底疾病包括高度近视眼底改变、视网膜色素变性、黄斑裂孔、血管炎、视网膜出血等，患病率均低于0.38%。在糖尿病患者中，糖尿病性视网膜病变患病率为20.8%，与国内外相关研究结果基本一致。结论：新疆芒辛镇老年人群眼底疾病患病率较高，年龄相关性黄斑变性是最主要的眼底疾病类型。研究结果填补了西部高海拔地区眼底疾病流行病学数据空白，提示应建立针对性的分层筛查和防控体系，重点关注老年人的眼底健康管理，推广便携式眼底照相结合远程医疗的筛查模式，提升基层眼健康服务的可及性与质量。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of fundus diseases among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Mangxin Town, Yengisar County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and to analyze the epidemiological status of fundus diseases in this region, thereby providing a scientific basis and data support for the development of fundus disease prevention and control strategies and the construction of a primary eye health service system in high-altitude areas of Western China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024 among the permanent residents aged 60 and above in Mangxin Town. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 60 years, local residence for ≥ 6 months, and voluntary participation with signed informed consent. Data were collected through standardized ophthalmological examinations (including visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure measurement, slit-lamp microscopy, and fundus photography), structured questionnaire surveys, vital sign measurements, and laboratory tests. Diagnoses of fundus diseases were strictly based on domestic and international diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 to calculate the prevalence rates of various fundus diseases and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 1,310 elderly individuals were included, with a response rate of 76.76%. Among them, 669 (51.1%) were male and 641 (48.9%) were female, with a mean age of 68.4 ± 6.6 years. The overall prevalence of fundus diseases was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.2–18.0). The prevalence rates of specific fundus diseases were as follows: age-related macular degeneration, 5.9% (77 cases); optic atrophy, 2.8% (36 cases); epiretinal membrane, 2.3% (30 cases); diabetic retinopathy, 1.8% (23 cases); other macular diseases, 1.07% (14 cases); and hypertensive retinopathy, 0.99% (13 cases). Other fundus diseases, including high myopia-related fundus changes, retinitis pigmentosa, macular hole, vasculitis, and retinal hemorrhage, each had a prevalence of less than 0.38%. Among diabetic patients, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 20.8%, which is consistent with previous domestic and international studies. Conclusions: The prevalence of fundus diseases among the elderly in Mangxin Town, Xinjiang, is relatively high, with age-related macular degeneration being the most common type. This study fills a gap in the epidemiological data on fundus diseases in high-altitude regions of Western China. The findings highlight the need to establish a targeted stratified screening and prevention system, strengthen fundus health management in the elderly, and promote a screening model combining portable fundus photography with telemedicine to improve the accessibility and quality of primary eye health services.