视盘内出血伴视盘旁视网膜下出血(intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage, IHAPSH)的病例报道较为少见。此病好发于患有轻、中度近视的中青年，且伴有视盘向倾斜或小视盘的患者，具有自限性，视力预后良好，无后遗症，而且很少复发。IHAPSH的眼底表现为视盘内出血、视盘旁视网膜下出血，严重者可出现玻璃体积血。文章报道一例IHAPSH，患者为26岁中度近视女性，主要症状为左眼无痛性视力下降伴眼前黑影飘动6 d。双眼最佳矫正视力均为1.0。眼底检查发现双眼视盘偏小，呈倾斜位，右眼视盘鼻侧见红色视网膜下出血灶；左眼视盘内及视盘鼻侧、上方、颞上方视网膜浅层出血，视盘鼻侧见边界清晰的新月形红色视网膜下出血。未进行特殊治疗，2个月后出血完全吸收。此病病因复杂多样，需与多种眼底疾病相鉴别，及时行眼科相关检查以排除其他原因导致的视盘水肿、视盘出血。文章通过文献回顾，总结其临床特征、发病机制、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。

Intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage (IHAPSH) is rarely reported. IHAPSH commonly affects young myopic eyes with tilted optic discs and spontaneously resolves without treatment, with an excellent prognosis for vision recovery and very rarely recur. The fundus manifestations of IHAPSH are intrapapillary hemorrhage, peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage, or even with vitreous bleeding. An 26-year-old female with mild myopia presented with symptoms of blurry vision and black filamentous floaters for 6 days. Her BCVA was 1.0 in both eyes. Fundus examination showed that both discs appear small, and elevated in the nasal regions. Intrapapillary hemorrhage, peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage were observed in the left eye, while only peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage was seen in the right eye. The hemorrhage was resolved spontaneously without any complication after 2 months. The etiology of IHAPSH is complex, and it should be differentiated from other causes of papilledema and disc hemorrhage. The clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were summarized through the literature review.

作为一种新型无创且操作简单的主观检查手段，临界闪烁融合频率(critical flicker fusionfrequency,CFF)可动态反映人眼视功能变化情况。作为早期识别脱髓鞘病变和评估视功能恢复情况的敏感指标，上个世纪已被国外学者用于视网膜和视神经疾病研究中，包括氯喹中毒性视网膜病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、中心性浆液性视网膜病变、年龄相关的黄斑病变、乙胺丁醇中毒性视神经病变、视神经炎和非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变。在视网膜和视神经疾病中，CFF均有不同程度下降，依据CFF改善程度以及主要损害的色光可能有助于视网膜和视神经疾病的鉴别，且CFF与其他视功能，视力、视野、视觉诱发电位的潜时具有较好的相关性。目前国内相关研究尚处于起步阶段，本文就CFF在视网膜和视神经疾病的应用情况做一总结。

As a new non-invasive and simple subjective examination method, critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) can dynamically reflect the changes of visual function of human eyes. As a sensitive indicator for early identification of demyelinating diseases and assessment of visual function recovery, it has been used by foreign scholars in the last century in the field of retinal and optic nerve diseases, including chloroquine toxic retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, central serous retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy, optic neuritis and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Though there was a different decrease of CFF in retina and optic nerve diseases, it may be helpful for the differentiation of retinal and optic nerve diseases according to the degree of CFF improvement and the main damaged color light. Moreover, CFF has a good correlation with other visual functions, visual acuity, visual field, and peak time of visual evoked potential. At present, and relevant domestic studies is still in its infancy. This article summarizes the application of CFF in retinal and optic nerve diseases.

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是世界范围内劳动年龄人口视力损伤的主要原因。糖尿病前期和DR临床前期患者作为罹患DR的高危人群，在该阶段可发现视网膜神经元形态功能及视网膜微小血管的改变。视网膜及神经纤维层厚度的变化可部分反映视网膜神经元结构改变；色觉、对比敏感度、视野及视觉电生理等变化可反映视网膜神经元功能改变。随着光学相关断层扫描血管成像技术的发展，临床可以检测出DR之前视网膜微血管的改变。此外，许多生物标志物也可以预测和评估DR。由于目前还没有方法可以阻止DR的发生与进展，临床可以通过观察以上视网膜的改变更为及时地发现DR，以降低其患病率，最大限度地减少DR带来的视力损伤。

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of visual impairment in the working population worldwide. Patients with pre-diabetes and pre-clinic diabetic retinopathy are regarded as in high risk group of DR. The changes in morphology and function of renal neurons and retinal micro-vessels can be found in these patients at this stage. The changes of retinal nerve structure can be partly reflected by changes in the thickness of retina and nerve fiber layer. The changes in function of retinal neurons can be reflected by changes in color vision, contrast sensitivity, visual field and visual electrophysiology.With the development of optical coherence tomography angiography, changes in retinal micro-vessels can be observed prior to clinical detection of DR. In addition, many biomarker can also predict and evaluate DR. Since there is no way to prevent the occurrence and progress of DR at present, more attention should be paid in DR by observing the changes inthe retina mentioned above timely, to reduce its incidence and minimize the visual damage caused by DR.

目的：初步评价折叠顶压球囊(foldable capsule buckle,FCB)治疗孔源性视网膜脱离(rhegmatogenous retinaldetachment,RRD)的有效性、安全性以及手术可操作性。方法：裂孔位置距角膜缘后≥15 mm的采用前瞻性临床病例研究。选择2020年3月至2021年9月在济南明水眼科医院院行FCB植入术治疗裂孔位置距角膜缘后≥15 mm的10例RRD患者(10眼)。应用眼部B型超声、眼底照相评价手术效果。根据术后有无FCB是否暴露、复视情况、排斥反应、眼球运动障碍等术后并发症的发生情况评价手术的疗效和安全性。结果：随访6个月~2年。10例RRD患者在术后通过眼部B超、眼底照相及光学相干断层扫描(opticalcoherence tomography,OCT)评估视网膜均复位。1例合并黄斑区视网膜脱离的患者视力提高。9例患者术后出现复视，术后1~3个月复视消失，1例在术后4个月仍存在复视，行FCB取出，术后视网膜未出现再脱离，复视症状消失。结论：初步研究可确定折叠顶压球囊植入治疗裂孔位置比较靠后(距角膜缘后≥15 mm)且传统巩膜扣带术操作难度大的孔源性视网膜脱离安全、有效，对眼球损伤小，易于操作。

Objective: To preliminarily evaluate the effectiveness, safety and surgical operability of foldable capsule buckle (FCB) in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: It is a prospective clinical case study. Ten patients (10 eyes), with a distance of ≥ 15 mm from the posterior margin of the angular membrane at the location of the fissure, who underwent FCB implantation surgery for RRD at Jinan Mingshui Ophthalmology Hospital from March 2020 to September 2021 were enrolled. The surgical outcome was evaluated by B-ultrasound, fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The surgical efficay and safety were evaluated by the postoperative complications, such as FCB exposure, diplopia, rejection, and eye movement limitation. Results: The mean follow-up time was 1 year (6 months to 2 years). Retinal reattachment was evaluated by B-ultrasound, fundus photography and OCT after operation in 10 patients. One patient with macular retinal detachment had improved visual acuity. 9 patients developed diplopia after operation, but diplopia disappears 1-3 months after operation. One patient still had diplopia 4 months after operation, and FCB was removed 4 months after operation. No retinal detachment occurred after operation, and the symptoms of diplopia disappeared.Conclusion: It is confirmed by this preliminary research that the implantation of the foldable capsule buckle is safe and effective to treat rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a relatively posterior position (≥15 mm from the back of the corneal limbus) with little damage to the ocular and easy to operate, compared with the difficulty and complexity in traditional scleral buckling surgery.

视网膜神经纤维层是视网膜的最内层，主要由来自视网膜神经节细胞的无髓鞘轴突组成，此外还有神经胶质细胞与视网膜血管，其厚度与年龄、眼球增长、眼底结构改变等因素相关。光学相干断层扫描可以清晰展示角膜、视网膜、脉络膜、视神经等高分辨率断层图像，可以在活体上显示生物学组织的细微结构，在临床与科研中已获得广泛应用。在青光眼视神经病变中，光学相干断层扫描可以发现视野异常前的视网膜神经纤维层损害，已成为青光眼早期诊断与视神经损伤程度检测的重要手段。除视神经病外，越来越多的研究表明许多视网膜血管疾病、神经元变性疾病等视网膜疾病也有视网膜神经纤维层的损伤。探讨视网膜疾病与神经纤维层的关系，将有利于进一步推进对视网膜疾病发病机制及病理改变的认识。本文就视网膜神经纤维层的定量评估与多种视网膜疾病的关系展开综述，为其在视网膜疾病中的应用提供参考。

The retinal nerve fiber layer, the innermost layer of the retina, consists mainly of unmyelinated axons from retinal ganglion cells, as well as glial cells and retinal blood vessels , the thickness of which is related to factors such as age, ocular growth and fundus structure changes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can clearly display the cornea, retina, choroid, optic nerve and other high-resolution tomography images. It can show the fine structure of biological tissues in vivo, which has been widely used in clinical and scientific research. In glaucomatous optic neuropathy, OCT can detect the damage of retinal nerve fiber layer before abnormal visual field, which has become an important means of early diagnosis of glaucoma and detection of the degree of optic ner ve damage. In addition to optic neuropathy, more studies have shown that many retinal diseases such as retinal vascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases also have retinal nerve fiber layer injury. Exploring the relationship between retinal diseases and nerve fiber layer will be beneficial to further promote the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathological changes of retinal diseases. This paper reviews the relationship between the quantitative evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and various retinal diseases, and provides reference for its application in retinal diseases.

视网膜静脉阻塞（retinal vein occlusion, RVO）是导致视力损害的主要眼底疾病之一，常引发视网膜缺血、出血、液体渗漏和黄斑水肿，从而导致视力下降甚至永久丧失。目前，RVO继发黄斑水肿的主要治疗方法是玻璃体腔内注射抗血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）药物。然而，RVO的病理机制不仅限于VEGF，还涉及血管生成素-2（angiopoietin-2, Ang-2）的作用。在病理状态下，Ang-2通过破坏血管稳定性，诱导新生血管形成，并加剧炎症反应，进一步促进RVO的病程进展。法瑞西单抗（Faricimab）作为一种双特异性抗体药物，能够同时抑制VEGF-A和Ang-2这两条关键的病理通路，显示出在改善患者视力方面的潜在优势。文章对Faricimab在RVO治疗中的作用机制、临床应用、相关治疗药物对比及未来发展前景进行了详细论述，为其在眼科领域的进一步应用提供了理论依据和参考。

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the leading retinal diseases causing vision impairment and is often associated with retinal ischemia, hemorrhage, fluid leakage, and macular edema, ultimately resulting in decreased vision or even permanent vision loss. Currently, the primary treatment for RVO-associated macular edema is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. However, the pathological mechanisms of RVO are not limited to VEGF alone, but also involve angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). Under pathological conditions, Ang-2 disrupts vascular stability, induces neovascularization, and exacerbates inflammatory responses, thereby accelerating the progression of RVO. Faricimab, as a bispecific antibody, can simultaneously inhibit both VEGF-A and Ang-2 pathways, which are critical in RVO pathogenesis, and has shown potential advantages in improving visual outcomes. The article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanism of action, clinical applications, comparison with related therapeutic agents, and future development prospects of Faricimab in the treatment of RVO, offering a theoretical basis and reference for its further application in ophthalmology.

近年来，眼部电流刺激(electrical stimulation,ES)在不同方向的研究中逐渐揭示了其在多种视网膜疾病中的潜在治疗价值。其中，经角膜电刺激(transcorneal electrical stimulation,TES)作为一种非侵入性的治疗方法，能对视网膜、视神经、眼底血管及其相关结构产生积极的影响。TES能够改善视力，在保护感光细胞和减缓疾病进展方面显示出积极效果，提高患者的生存质量，还能够在不损伤眼球的情况下调节大脑中的神经元活动，为视网膜疾病的治疗提供一种新的选择。该文对近年来TES在视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)、视网膜血管病、青光眼以及视神经病变等疾病中的应用研究进行了综述。研究发现，TES治疗是一种安全且无需手术的辅助治疗工具，具有广泛的应用前景。该文旨在为临床医师提供一个全面的TES研究概述，并深入探讨其在眼科学领域的潜在应用价值。然而，TES治疗的具体机制仍需进一步探讨，以便更好地应用于临床实践。同时，未来研究还应关注TES与其他治疗方法相结合的效果，以期为患者提供更多有效的治疗选择。

In recent years, electrical stimulation of the eye (ES) has gradually revealed its potential therapeutic value in a variety of retinal diseasesin different directions. Among them, transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES), as a non-invasive treatment, can have a positive effect on the retina, optic nerve, fundus vessels and related structures. TES can improve vision, show positive effects in protecting photoreceptor cells and slowing disease progression, improve the quality of life of patients, and can regulate neuronal activity in the brain without damaging the eyeball, providing a new option for the treatment of retinal diseases. The research on the application on TES on retinitis pigementosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal angiopathy, glaucoma and optic neuropathy are reviewed in this article. It is found in the study that TES therapy is a safe and surgery-free adjuvant therapy tool, and has a wide application prospect. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of TES research,and to explore its potential application value in the field of ophthalmology. However, the specific mechanism of TES therapy still needs to be further explored in order to better apply in clinical practice. At the same time, future studies should also focus on the effect of combining TES with other treatment methods, in order to provide more effective treatment options for patients.

巨噬细胞样细胞(macrophage-like cells, MLC)指起源、功能与巨噬细胞类似的免疫细胞，包括小胶质细胞、玻璃体细胞及巨噬细胞。将en face OCT显示层面设置在视网膜表明即可观测到视网膜表明的 MLC(epiretinal MLC, eMLC)，随后利用ImageJ软件即可对细胞进行提取和量化。研究表明，eMLC在炎症情况下均可出现细胞募集及活化现象，但在不同眼底病中各具特点。在糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜静脉阻塞等视网膜缺血缺氧性疾病中，eMLC密度越高，黄斑水肿可能越严重。此外，eMLC密度更高的视网膜静脉阻塞患者抗VEGF疗效更差，视力预后不佳，提示基于en face OCT的eMLC不仅可用于评估视网膜炎情况，而且还能充当提示疾病疗效及预后的标志物。在葡萄膜炎等免疫炎症性疾病中，en face OCT亦可观测到eMLC密度、形态等改变。白塞病葡萄膜炎患者视网膜血管渗漏程度与eMLC密度相关性强，故eMLC密度可充当无创评估视网膜血管渗漏程度的新指标。然而，目前提取和量化eMLC的方法及标准不统一，降低了各研究间的可比性。因此，亟需制定统一的操作规范和评估标准。此外eMLC 所代表的具体细胞类型及功能仍需进一步探究。未来，研究者可以利用en face OCT对眼底炎症地进行无创评估。基于en face OCT的eMLC还能作为基础研究与临床研究之间的桥梁，为揭示疾病的致病机制提供重要参考。

Macrophage-like cells (MLC) refer to immune cells that originate from and function similarly to macrophages, including microglia, hyalocytes, and macrophages themselves. By setting the display level of en face OCT to the retinal surface, epiretinal MLC (eMLC) can be observed and subsequently extracted and quantified using ImageJ software. Studies indicate that eMLC can exhibit cell recruitment and activation in inflammatory conditions, each displaying distinct characteristics in different retinal diseases. In ischemic and hypoxic retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, higher densities of eMLC are associated with more severe macularedema. Moreover, patients with retinal vein occlusion showing higher eMLC densities tend to have poorer responses to anti-VEGF treatments and worse visual prognoses, suggesting that eMLC identified via en face OCT can be used not only to assess retinal inflammation but also as biomarkers for disease efficacy and prognosis. In immune-inflammatory diseases like uveitis, changes in eMLC density and morphology can also be observed through en face OCT. Inpatients with Beh?et's disease, a strong correlation exists between the degree of retinal vascular leakage and eMLC density, making eMLC density a potential non-invasive marker for assessing retinal vascular leakage. However, the current methods and standards for extracting and quantifying eMLC are not unified, significantly reducing comparability between studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish uniform operational protocols and assessment standards. Furthermore, the specific cell types and functions represented by eMLC observed via en face OCT require further investigation. In the future, en face OCT could be utilized for non-invasive assessment of retinal inflammation. eMLC based onen face OCT could also serve as a bridge between basic research and clinical studies, providing valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases.

目的：探讨出血型视网膜大动脉瘤及合并症的红外光反射成像（infrared light reflection, IR）和眼底荧光血管造影（fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA）的影像特征。方法：采用回顾性病例系列研究。收集2010年2月—2024年6月在河南省立眼科医院确诊的出血型视网膜大动脉瘤患者35例35眼，所有眼均行IR联合FFA检查，其中10眼行吲哚菁绿血管造影（indocyanine green angiography, ICGA）检查，分析视网膜大动脉瘤及其合并症的眼底影像学特点。结果：IR检查显示34眼视网膜大动脉瘤体呈囊状反射光。FFA检查显示27眼视网膜大动脉瘤呈囊样强荧光，此外，FFA检查还发现5眼伴视网膜分支静脉阻塞，1眼伴视网膜分支动脉阻塞。FFA组在视网膜大动脉瘤检出率低于IR组(P <0.05)。在10眼出血型视网膜大动脉瘤中，IR组和ICGA组在视网膜大动脉瘤检出率方面比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论：IR检查对于出血型视网膜动脉瘤的检测可等效于ICGA检查，IR联合FFA检查适合于出血型视网膜大动脉瘤及合并症的个体化诊断。

Objective: To evaluate the imaging characteristics of infrared light reflection (IR) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm and its complications. Methods: Retrospective case series study was used. The clinic data of 35 patients (35 eyes) were diagnosed in Henan Eye Hosptial from February 2010 to June 2024. All eyes were examinated by IR and FFA, and 10 eyes examinated by indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). The fundus imaging characteristics of hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm and its complications was analyzed. Results: The images of IR presented 34 eyes with cystic strong reflex light. FFA showed 27 eyes with cystic strong fluorescence, in addition, FFA revealed 5 eyes with retinal branch vein occlusion and 1 eye with retinal branch artery occlusion. The detection rate of hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm in the FFA group was lower than that in the IR group (P =0.038<0.05). There was no significant difference in the detection rate of hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm between the IR group and the ICGA group in 10 eyes with hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm (P =1.000>0.05). Conclusion: IR examination could be equivalent to ICGA examination for detecting hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm, and IR combined with FFA examination is suitable for individualized diagnosis of hemorrhagic retinal artery aneurysm and its complications.

目的：对比玻璃体切割术(pars plana vitrectomy, PPV)联合或不联合注射地塞米松玻璃体内植入剂(dexamethasone intraveal implant, DEX)治疗特发性黄斑前膜(idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane, IMEM)的临床疗效。
方法： 采用回顾性研究设计，收集2022年1月—2023年6月于惠州市中心人民医院就诊，被诊断为IMEM(Gass 2期)并行PPV联合phaco+IOL植入的患者49例(49只眼)。根据其治疗方案分为非联合注射DEX组(25例共25只眼)及联合注射DEX组(24例共24只眼)。记录所有患者术前术后的最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity, BCVA)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central macular thickness, CMT)、平均神经节细胞层(ganglion cell layer, GCL)厚度，椭圆体带(ellipsoidal zone, EZ)完整性。使用OCTA测量视网膜浅层毛细血管层(superficial capillary plexus, SCP)、中心区域血管密度(vessel densities, VDs)及中心凹无血管区(foveal avascular zone, FAZ)面积。使用非接触性眼压计测量患者眼压。随访至术后6个月，记录上述指标，其中BCVA及CMT随访至1年。使用SPSS 29.0软件进行数据的统计分析(独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、Pearson χ2检验等)。使用重复测量方差检验分析各项指标的时间差异及交互差异性。采用线性回归分析CMT、平均GCL厚度、EZ完整性、VDs、FAZ面积及联合注射DEX与BCVA的相关性。
结果：本研究两组间性别、年龄、眼压及术前各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两种术式均能改善黄斑区结构、功能及微循环障碍，术后的BCVA在两组患者中均较术前有所改善，且持续至术后6个月，CMT的变化趋势同BCVA有高度一致性，而平均GCL厚度于术后3个月时开始恢复，而SCP中心凹VDs及FAZ面积于术后6个月时才有明显恢复，两种术式术后以上各指标均具有时间差异及交互差异性(P≤0.015)，且6个月内联合注射DEX组表现更佳(P=0.036)。相较于非联合注射DEX组，只有联合注射DEX组在术后6个月时，EZ完整性的改善具有统计学意义(P=0.009)。但随访至1年时，两组之间BCVA及CMT差异均无统计学意义(P=0.079)。术后6个月内BCVA的改善与术后6个月的CMT、平均GCL厚度、SCP中心凹VDs、FAZ面积的改善及EZ完整性及是否注射DEX与术后6个月内BCVA的改善均有相关性。随访期间两组患者均未发生眼内炎、玻璃体积血、视网膜脱离等眼部或全身严重并发症。
结论：微创玻璃体切割术联合玻璃体内注射DEX治疗相较于非联合注射DEX治疗组在6个月内疗效更佳。联合单次注射DEX治疗方案与非联合注射DEX治疗方案相比，在手术1年后对BCVA及CMT的改善无明显差异。

Objective: To analyze the efficacy and safety of minimally invasive vitrectomy (PPV) with or without intraoperative injection of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX) for the treatment of Idiopathic Macular Epiretinal Membrane (IMEM), by comparing the relevant indicators.

Methods: A retrospective study design was used to collect 49 patients (49 eyes) who were diagnosed with IMEM (Gass2) and underwent surgical treatment(PPV+phaco+IOL implantation) at Huizhou Central People’s Hospital from January 2022 to June 2023. According to their treatment plan, they were divided into a non-combined injection DEX group (25 cases, 25 eyes) and a combined injection DEX group (24 cases,24 eyes). All patients underwent comprehensive optometry before and after surgery, and their best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was recorded. Scan the central macular thickness (CMT) within 6x6mm of the macular area, while scanning the average ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness. Record whether the elliptical zone (EZ) within 1x1mm of the macular area is complete and continuous. Use OCTA mode to scan the superficial capillary layer (SCP) of the retina within a range of 6x6mm, and record the measurements of vascular density (VDs) in the central area and the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). Measure the patient's intraocular pressure using a non-contact tonometer. Follow up for 6 months and record the above indicators, with BCVA and CMT followed up for 1 year. Perform statistical analysis of data using SPSS 29.0 software (Independent sample t-test, Mann Whitney U-test and Pearson χ2-test). Use repeated measures ANOVA to analyze the time differences and interaction differences of various indicators. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between CMT, mean GCL thickness, EZ integrity, VDs, FAZ area, and combined injection of DEX with BCVA.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, intraocular pressure, and preoperative indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). Both surgical methods can improve the structure, function, and microcirculation disorders in the macular area. The postoperative BCVA in both groups of patients improved compared to before, and persisted until 6 months after surgery. The trend of CMT changes was highly consistent with BCVA, while the average GCL thickness began to recover at 3 months after surgery. The SCP fovea VDs and FAZ area did not show significant recovery until 6 months after surgery. Both surgical methods showed time differences and interaction differences in the above indicators after surgery (P=0.015), and the combined injection of DEX group performed better within 6 months (P=0.036). Compared to the non combined injection of DEX group, only the combined injection of DEX group showed statistically significant improvement in EZ integrity at 6 months after surgery (P=0.009). However, at 1 year of follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in BCVA and CMT between the two groups (P≥0.079). The improvement of BCVA within 6 months after surgery is correlated with the improvement of CMT, average GCL thickness, SCP fovea VDs, FAZ area, EZ integrity, and injection of DEX within 6 months after surgery. During this study, no serious ocular or systemic complications such as endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment occurred in either group of patients at each follow-up time point.
Conclusions: The efficacy of PPV combined with intravitreal injection of DEX is better within 6 months compared to the non-combined injection of DEX treatment group. There was no significant difference in the improvement of BCVA and CMT after one year of surgery between the combined single injection DEX treatment regimen and the non-combined injection DEX treatment regimen.