“筑梦·铸人”专题

糖尿病性视网膜病变脂质代谢的研究进展

Emerging insights into lipid metabolism in diabetic retinopathy

:93-99
 
脂质代谢异常是糖尿病性视网膜病变可能的危险因素。糖尿病性视网膜病变被认为是致盲的主要原因。近年来研究认为总胆固醇、三酰甘油等血脂与糖尿病性视网膜病变及糖尿病黄斑水肿的进展有关,降脂药物的应用能够延缓糖尿病性视网膜病变进展。随着色谱分离和质谱分析等脂质组学分析方法的发展,除了常规的血清脂质标志物以外的各种脂质成分也被发现可能与糖尿病性视网膜病变进展有关。现总结脂质及其衍生物在糖尿病性视网膜病变发病机制中的作用,阐述糖尿病性视网膜病变脂质代谢治疗的潜在靶点和前景。
Abstract Abnormal lipid metabolism is a possible risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is considered to be the main cause of blindness. In recent years, studies have shown that serum lipids, such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, are related to the progress of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, and lipid-lowering drugs can delay the progress of diabetic retinopathy. With the development of lipidomics analysis methods such as chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry, lipid components other than conventional serum lipid markers have also been found to be related to the progression of diabetic retinopathy. The review summarizes the role of lipids and their derivatives in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and highlights the potential targets and prospects of lipid metabolism treatment for diabetic retinopathy.
“筑梦·铸人”专题

中国温州学龄儿童近视进展的危险因素

Risk factors for myopia progression in school-age children in Wenzhou, China

:85-92
 
目的:观察学龄儿童的近视进展情况,分析近视进展的危险因素。方法:于2014年纳入温州2所小学二、三年级近视儿童,每年随访1次,直至小学毕业。检查内容包括非睫状肌麻痹主觉验光、双眼视功能检查(隐斜、调节性集合/调节、正负相对调节、正负融像性聚散)和问卷调查。采用无序多分类logistic回归分析近视进展速度的危险因素。结果:共纳入152名近视儿童[年龄7~9岁,95名(62.5%)男性],初始屈光度为-1.30±0.95屈光度(diopter,D),年近视进展量为-0.68±0.35 D。回归分析表明:与慢速组相比(年近视进展量>-0.50 D),中速组(-1.00 D<年近视进展量≤-0.50 D)与快速组(年近视进展量≤-1.00 D)中初始屈光度≤-1.00 D的儿童占比更大(中速组:OR=3.51,P=0.003;快速组:OR=3.29,P=0.044),快速组中女性占比更大(OR=4.52,P=0.012),基线双眼视功能参数在不同组间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:学龄儿童近视进展速度与性别、初始屈光度相关,与基线双眼视功能无关。女孩、初始近视程度大(7~9岁时,屈光度≤-1.00 D)的儿童近视进展快。
Objective: To investigate myopia progression and analyze the risk factors associated with myopia progression in a cohort of primary schoolchildren. Methods: The study was conducted in two primary schools in Wenzhou. Schoolchildren from grades 2 and 3 were examined in 2014 and were followed up annually until primary school graduation at grade 6. Children who were myopic at baseline were included in this study. The examination included non-cycloplegic subjective refraction, questionnaire survey, and binocular visual function parameters such as phoria, accommodative convergence/accommodation, positive relative accommodation, negative relative accommodation, and fusional convergence range. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with various myopia progression speeds. Results: A total of 152 myopic schoolchildren [baseline age range 7–9 years; 95 male (62.5%)] were included in this study. The average refractive error (spherical equivalent refraction, SER) at baseline was -1.30±0.95 D, and the average annual myopia progression was -0.68±0.35 D. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that compared to the slow myopia progression group (annual myopia progression >-0.50 D), the moderate myopia progression group (-1.00 D < annual myopia progression ≤-0.50 D) and the fast myopia progression group (annual myopia progression ≤-1.00 D) were associated with having SER values ≤-1.00 D at baseline (moderate: OR=3.51, P=0.003; fast: OR=3.29, P=0.044); the fast myopia progression group was also associated with female sex (OR=4.52, P=0.012); baseline binocular visual function parameters were not related to various myopia progression speeds (P>0.05 for all). Conclusion: Sex and baseline refractive error were associated with various myopia progression among primary schoolchildren. No correlation between baseline binocular visual functions and myopia progression was found in this study. Myopia progressed faster in girls and children who had greater myopia (SER values ≤?1.00 D at age 7–9 years) at baseline.
“眼科再生医学”专题

培养皿中的眼睛:眼组织类器官技术发展与应用

An eye in a culture dish: ocular organoids and their application

:100-110
 
眼睛是人体最重要的感觉器官之一,主要由角膜和晶状体构成的屈光系统和视网膜构成的视觉神经系统2个部分构成。眼睛各组织的发育和功能异常都可影响视功能,甚至致盲。现有的致盲眼病的治疗方式均存在各自瓶颈问题,新的诊治方法亟待开发。近年来,得益于干细胞和组织工程学的发展,结合现有眼各组织的发育理论知识,研究者们利用多种来源的干细胞在体外成功诱导出具有组织特异结构和功能的眼类器官。眼类器官研究为利用干细胞研究眼组织发育和眼病发病机制、药物筛选以及替代治疗创造了新机遇,将干细胞治疗眼病的转化研究推向了一个更高平台。本文将对现有眼类器官的技术发展及应用进行综述。
Being one of the most important sensory organs, the eye is composed of the cornea, the lens, which are responsible for refraction, and the retina, which is the neural sensory part of the eye. Various kinds of developmental abnormalities and functional defects could lead to visual dysfunctions, and even blindness. Current treatments for blindness-causing eye diseases all have their own limitations, awaiting new efficient diagnostic and treating methods. Thanks to the development in stem cell biology and bioengineering, taking advantage of the rich knowledge accumulated on the mechanisms governing eye development, researchers have successfully generated various ocular organoids using multiple sources of stem cells in vitro, which resemble their counterparts in vivo on both the structural level and functional level. Ocular organoids provide valuable material and models for studying eye development, pathology, drug screening, and cell replacement therapy, pushing translational studies of ocular stem cell to a new era. Here, the paper reviews the development and application of ocular organoid technologies.
Case Report

Bacillary layer detachment presenting with posterior scleritis: case report

Bacillary layer detachment presenting with posterior scleritis: case report

:-
 

Background: Bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) is a phenomenon characterized by fluid accumulation at the myoid region of the inner photoreceptor segments identifiable on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. This finding has been recently described in patients with diverse primary diagnoses which share the common feature of serous exudation in the posterior pole. However, thus far there have been very few reports in the literature of BALAD in patients with posterior scleritis.


Background: Bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) is a phenomenon characterized by fluid accumulation at the myoid region of the inner photoreceptor segments identifiable on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. This finding has been recently described in patients with diverse primary diagnoses which share the common feature of serous exudation in the posterior pole. However, thus far there have been very few reports in the literature of BALAD in patients with posterior scleritis.

Case Description: A 16-year-old male presented with unilateral vision changes that acutely worsened overnight to significant unilateral vision loss. He was eventually diagnosed with idiopathic posterior scleritis with associated BALAD on OCT. Similar to other reported cases of BALAD, he experienced anatomic restoration of the outer retina followed by good visual recovery after treatment with high dose steroid, ultimately with complete recovery of both retinal anatomy and vision within 4 months.

Conclusions: This case provides further evidence that posterior scleritis can be a cause of BALAD. The rapid presentation and excellent visual and anatomical outcome of this case is entirely consistent with known descriptions of BALAD in a variety of other conditions, further supporting the categorization of BALAD as an entity which retinal specialists should be able to recognize as distinct from other forms of intraretinal fluid, retinal detachment, and retinoschisis.


Study Protocol

In vivo murine models for the study of glaucoma pathophysiology: procedures, analyses, and typical outcomes

In vivo murine models for the study of glaucoma pathophysiology: procedures, analyses, and typical outcomes

:-
 

Background: The complexity of the glaucoma pathophysiology is directly reflected on its experimental modeling for studies about pathological mechanisms and treatment approaches. Currently, a variety of in vivo models are available for the study of glaucoma, although they do not reach an exact reproduction of all aspects characterizing the human glaucoma. Therefore, a comprehensive view of disease onset, progression and treatment efficacy can only be obtained by the integration of outcomes deriving from different experimental models.

Methods: The present article summary experimental procedures and analytical methodologies related with two experimental models of glaucoma belonging to the classes of induced intraocular pressure (IOP)-elevation and genetic models, methyl cellulose (MCE)-induced ocular hypertension and DBA/2J mouse strain. Point-by-point protocols are reported with a particular focus on the critical point for the realization of each model. Moreover, typical strength and drawbacks of each model are described in order to critically handle the outcomes deriving from each model.

Discussion: This paper provides a guideline for the realization, analysis and expected outcomes of two models allowing to study IOP-driven neurodegenerative mechanisms rather than IOP-independent neurodegeneration. The complementary information from these models could enhance the analysis of glaucomatous phenomena from different points of view potentiating the basic and translational study of glaucoma.

Background: The complexity of the glaucoma pathophysiology is directly reflected on its experimental modeling for studies about pathological mechanisms and treatment approaches. Currently, a variety of in vivo models are available for the study of glaucoma, although they do not reach an exact reproduction of all aspects characterizing the human glaucoma. Therefore, a comprehensive view of disease onset, progression and treatment efficacy can only be obtained by the integration of outcomes deriving from different experimental models.

Methods: The present article summary experimental procedures and analytical methodologies related with two experimental models of glaucoma belonging to the classes of induced intraocular pressure (IOP)-elevation and genetic models, methyl cellulose (MCE)-induced ocular hypertension and DBA/2J mouse strain. Point-by-point protocols are reported with a particular focus on the critical point for the realization of each model. Moreover, typical strength and drawbacks of each model are described in order to critically handle the outcomes deriving from each model.

Discussion: This paper provides a guideline for the realization, analysis and expected outcomes of two models allowing to study IOP-driven neurodegenerative mechanisms rather than IOP-independent neurodegeneration. The complementary information from these models could enhance the analysis of glaucomatous phenomena from different points of view potentiating the basic and translational study of glaucoma.

综述

药物治疗单纯疱疹病毒基质型角膜炎的研究进展

Research progress in drug treatment of herpes simplex virus stromal keratitis

:651-657
 
单纯疱疹病毒基质型角膜炎是引起角膜盲的主要原因之一,目前以局部使用糖皮质激素联合口服抗病毒药物治疗为主。传统治疗存在生物利用度低、药物不良反应等缺点,因此亟需寻找替代药物、开发新剂型。环孢素A和他克莫司等免疫抑制剂疗效明显、不良反应少,可能是糖皮质激素的潜在替代品。α干扰素联合阿昔洛韦可缩短病程,而单独使用效果有限。基质再生剂具有新的抗病毒机制,值得进一步研究。此外,纳米载体递送系统,如脂质体、纳米胶束、立方液晶纳米粒,由于能够增强药物角膜穿透性和延长药物释放,在治疗基质型单纯疱疹性角膜炎方面具有巨大潜力。
Herpes simplex virus stromal keratitis is one of the leading causes of corneal blindness. A topical corticosteroid
agent in conjunction with an oral antiviral agent is the preferred treatment, which has the disadvantages of low bioavailability and drug side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find alternative drugs and develop new dosage forms. Immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus have obvious curative effects and few side effects, and may be potential substitutes for glucocorticoids. Interferon-α combined with acyclovir can shorten the course of disease, but the effect is not obvious when used alone. Matrix regenerating agents have new antiviral mechanisms and deserve further study. In addition, nanocarriers delivery systems, such as liposomes, nanomicelles and cubosomes, have great potential in the treatment of herpes simplex virus stromal keratitis due to their ability to enhance drug corneal penetration and prolong drug release.
综述

糖尿病性角膜病变的研究进展

Research progress of diabetic keratopathy

:65-71
 
晚期糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)患者常出现的糖尿病性视网膜病变能够被发现,而糖尿病性角膜病变(diabetic keratopathy,DK)却时常被人们忽略。近年来的许多研究表明,DK对角膜的结构、代谢、生理功能等多个方面均有重要影响。目前临床上尚无根治DK的有效疗法,现主流疗法多集中于对症治疗以维持光滑湿润的眼表,最大限度地减少视觉损失以及提高舒适度,如局部滴用人工泪液、使用角膜绷带镜及局部使用抗炎药物等,但这些现有的治疗方法对于角膜组织损伤的修复能力有限。近年来出现神经生长因子、胰岛素疗法等新兴的治疗方法,有望未来应用于临床。
The diabetic retinopathy which often occurs in patients with advanced diabetes mellitus (DM) can usually be realized, but diabetic keratopathy (DK) could sometimes be ignored. In recent years, many studies have found out that DK can cause significant abnormal changes in many ways, including structure, metabolism and physiological functions of the cornea. At present, there is no effective therapy to cure DK. The current mainstream therapy mostly focuses on symptomatic treatment to maintain a smooth and moist ocular surface, minimize visual loss and improve comfort, such as local drip of artificial tears, use of corneal bandage lens and local use of anti-inflammatory drugs. However, these existing treatment methods have limited repair ability for corneal tissue damage. In recent years, a number of new treatment methods have emerged, which are expected to be clinically used in the future, such as nerve growth factors and insulin therapy.
病例报告

先天性外眦肿物合并眼睑畸形2例

Congenital lateral canthus mass with eyelid deformity: 2 case reports

:72-75
 
临床上儿童外眦部肿物合并眼睑畸形及结膜肿物少见,需在切除眼睑、结膜肿物的同时,灵活处置眼睑整复。本文回顾2例就诊于北京儿童医院的先天性外眦肿物合并眼睑缺损的病例。术后病理示皮赘伴结膜皮样脂肪瘤。患儿眼睑肿物切除彻底,眼睑整复后外观满意。
Lateral canthus mass with eyelid deformity and conjunctival mass is rare in children. The eyelid reduction should be handled flexibly while the mass is removed. Two cases of congenital lateral canthus with eyelid coloboma were reviewed in Beijing Children’s Hospital. Postoperative pathology showed fibroepithelial polyp and conjunctival dermolipoma. The eyelid masses of the child were completely excised, and the appearance was satisfactory after eyelid reduction.
发明与创新

一种改良的婴幼儿眼科手术病号服

A modified patient clothing for infants and children with ophthalmic surgery

:83-84
 
克服现有婴幼儿眼科手术病号服存在的穿脱不便、容易着凉、无法避免患儿抓挠术眼等问题,提供一种便于穿脱、保护胸腹部和术眼的婴幼儿眼科手术病号服*。
Abstract Present patient clothing for infants and children with ophthalmic surgery have several limitations, which is inconvenient to wear, hard to keep warm and difficult in preventing patients from scratching eyes underwent surgery. A modified patient clothing for infants and children is designed to overcome these existing problems.
“筑梦·铸人”专题

Triton光学相干断层扫描血管成像图像中正常人的中心凹无血管区的自动测量方法

Automated foveal avascular zone measurement of Triton optical coherence tomography angiography in healthy subjects

:1-13
 
[摘 要] 背景:目前已有研究报道了一种MATLAB的定制算法,用于Triton光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)图像的中心凹无血管区(fovea avascular zone,FAZ)的自动测量。由于这种算法非开源,且难以获取,因而大大限制了其在临床实践和科学研究中的应用。本研究提出一种用于Triton OCTA图像的FAZ自动分割的开源算法,即Smooth Level Sets macro(SLSM)算法,并将其测量结果与MATLAB和人工方法相比较,评估该算法分割的准确性和可靠性。方法:纳入35位健康受试者的35只健眼,选用Triton OCTA机器中的3 mm×3 mm扫描模式,对其黄斑区进行连续4次扫描。分别用人工和自动方法(包括MATLAB和SLSM),测量浅层毛细血管图像中FAZ的面积、周长和圆度。分析各种自动算法的准确性、重复性,以及与人工方法结果的一致性。结果:SLSM算法的准确性仅低于人工方法,而高于MATLAB算法(Dice系数:人工方法,0.9568;SLSM,0.9506;MATLAB,0.9483)。SLSM和MATLAB测量FAZ面积的重复性均很高[组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC):SLSM,0.987;MATLAB,0.983]。SLSM、MATLAB测量FAZ面积的结果均与人工方法呈很高的一致性(ICC:SLSM,0.973;MATLAB,0.968)。结论:SLSM在Triton OCTA图像的FAZ自动分割中的准确性高于MATLAB,其测量结果与人工测量结果很相近。作为免费和开源的资源,SLSM有望成为Triton OCTA图像中有效可靠的FAZ自动分割和测量方法。
Abstract Background: Previous studies have proposed an automated customized program named MATLAB used in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) measurements in Triton optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. But it is not open-source and not easy to obtain, which will largely restrict its application in clinical practice and medical research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of the Smooth Level Sets macro (SLSM), a free and open-source program, and compared with the manual measurements and MATLAB in the FAZ quantification in Triton OCTA. Methods: Thirty-five eyes of 35 healthy subjects were scanned four times continuously using Triton OCTA. Manual and automated methods including the SLSM and MATLAB were used in the FAZ metrics (area, perimeter, and circularity) of the superficial capillary plexus. The accuracy, repeatability of all methods, and agreement between automated and manual methods were analyzed. Results: The SLSM presented higher accuracy with a higher average Dice coefficient (0.9506) than MATLAB (0.9483), which was just second to the manual method (0.9568). Both the SLSM [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) =0.987; coefficient of variation (CoV) =3.935%] and MATLAB (ICC =0.983; CoV =4.165%) showed excellent repeatability for the FAZ area. They also had excellent agreement with manual measurement (SLSM, ICC =0.973; MATLAB, ICC =0.968). Conclusion: The SLSM exhibits better accuracy than MATLAB in the automated FAZ measurement in Triton OCTA, the results of which were comparable to those obtained by manual measurement. This free and open-source program may be an accessible and feasible option for automated FAZ segmentation on Triton OCTA images.
其他期刊
  • 眼科学报

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
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  • Eye Science

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
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