Abstract: RAF near point rule (RNPR) is a routinely used instrument in ophthalmology and optometry practice as well as for research purposes to measure the near point of convergence (NPC). The measurement of NPC is an important criterion for diagnosis and management of convergence insufficiency. The RNPR forms an important tool for ophthalmic clinicians however, only a very little is understood about it. This article tries to describe and review the designs, measurement techniques, merits and demerits of the RNPR and establish the need for its modification. It recommends that clinicians and researchers consider these findings while measuring NPC with the RNPR.

Abstract: We reviewed randomized controlled trials associated with the intravitreal use of aflibercept for this article. These studies proved that aflibercept is an effective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV), diabetic macular edema (DME), and macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion. The incidence of severe ocular or systemic complications after intravitreal administration of aflibercept was low.

Abstract: Angle closure glaucoma (ACG) is one of the major causes of blindness. Angle closure occurs from the obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by the peripheral iris, which results in increased intraocular pressure (IOP) through impaired aqueous flow. Considering pupillary block by crystalline lens is the most frequent mechanism, lens extraction is regarded as an effective therapy. Recently, to validate the effect of lens extraction, the EAGLE study was reported. In this study, subjects were 50 years or older, did not have cataracts, and had newly diagnosed primary angle closure (PAC) with intraocular pressure 30 mmHg or greater or primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and were divided into clear-lens extraction group and standard care group (laser peripheral iridotomy and topical glaucoma medication). This study suggested that clear-lens extraction showed greater efficacy and was more cost-effective than laser peripheral iridotomy. Initial clear lens extraction showed better clinical course and patient-reported outcomes. This study provided evidence to support clear lens extraction as the first line treatment for PAC with high IOP or PACG patients.

Abstract: Corneal collagen-crosslinking (CXL) has been widely investigated in the adult population. There is still little available in the literature, however, on the effects of CXL in children. A review of the literature on CXL in the pediatric population is presented here, with a particular emphasis on the refractive effects. Although several studies demonstrate promising results, most studies have small sample sizes with relatively short follow-up periods. Further investigation on the effects of CXL in the pediatric population is required to better understand long-term effects.