目的：分析23G/25G微创玻璃体切割术后发生眼内炎的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析2014年6月—2023年5月于中国人民解放军中部战区总医院行微创玻璃体切割术后，临床诊断为眼内炎患者(开放性眼外伤患者除外)的临床特征。结果：纳入8 955例行微创玻璃体切割术患者，其中11例微创玻璃体切割术后患眼发生眼内炎，发生率为0.12％。平均年龄(60.8±7.6)岁。11例其中，5例(45.4%)患者合并糖尿病；原发眼疾构成情况：黄斑疾病7例(63.6%)、增殖期糖尿病性视网膜病变继发玻璃体积血2例(18.2%)，视网膜裂孔继发玻璃体积血1例(9.1%)、视网膜脱离1例(9.1%)；术中联合行白内障手术3例(27.3 %)；术毕8例(72.7%)患眼玻璃体腔填充无菌空气，3例(27.3%)填充平衡盐溶液，术毕所有患者均未缝合巩膜穿刺切口；术后低眼压3例(27.3 %)。术后发生眼内炎的时间为(2.8±1.1)d。11例患者经过局部和全身抗感染治疗后炎症控制不佳，均再次行玻璃体切割术联合术中配置万古霉素液灌注，其中9例术毕玻璃体腔填充硅油，术后所有眼内炎得到控制，10例(91.0%)患者最终矫正视力有所提高。结论：微创玻璃体切割术后，免缝合的巩膜切口可能是病原微生物侵入眼内导致眼内炎的潜在途径。尤其要重视黄斑手术中玻璃体不全切除引起巩膜切口处发生玻璃体束综合征可能是术后发生眼内炎的危险因素之一。

Objective: To analyze risk factors for endophthalmitis occurred after 23G/25G minimally invasive vitrectomy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics of patients with endophthalmitis (except patients with open eye trauma) after minimally invasive vitrectomy in General Hospital of Central Theater Command(Wuhan,430064) from June 2014 to May 2023. Results: This study included 8,955 patients, of which 11 cases occurred endophthalmitis after minimally invasive vitrectomy, with an incidence rate of 0.12%. The average age was (60.8±7.6) years, and 5 patients (45.4%) were complicated with diabetes; The composition of primary eye diseases: 7 cases (63.6%) of macular disease, 2 cases (18.2%) of vitreous hemorrhage secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 1 case (9.1%) vitreous hemorrhage secondary to retinal fissure, 1 case (9.1%) of retinal detachment; During the operation, 3 cases (27.3%) underwent combined cataract surgery; After the operation, 8 cases (72.7%) were filled with sterile air in the vitreous cavity of affected eye, the other 3 cases (27.3%) were filled with equilibrium liquid,and sclera puncture incision was not sutured in all patients; 3 cases (27.3%) had low intraocular pressure after operation. The time for postoperative endophthalmitis to occur after operation was 2.8±1.1day. 11 patients had poor inflammation control after local and systemic anti-inflammatory treatments, and all underwent vitrectomy combined with intraoperative injection of vancomycin solution. Among them, 9 patients were filled with silicone oil in the vitreous cavity after the surgery. After the operation, all the endophthalmitis were controlled and final corrected visual acuity of 10 patients improved. Conclusions: Minimally invasive vitrectomy and suture-free scleral incision may be a potential way for pathogenic microorganisms to invade the eye and cause endophthalmitis. Particular attention should be paid to the ‘Vitreous Wick Syndrome’ at the scleral incision caused by incomplete vitrectomy in macular surgery, which may be one of the risk factors for postoperative endophthalmitis.

目的：调查角膜塑形镜对近视儿童脉络膜厚度和脉络膜轮廓的长期影响。方法：受试者来自一项2年的随机对照试验。研究对象为年龄8~12岁、等效球镜在-1.00~-6.00 D的儿童(n=80)，这些研究对象被随机分配到对照组(n=40)和角膜塑形镜组(n=40)。本研究在基线和1、6、12、18、24个月的随访中收集光学相干断层扫描图像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)，然后基于OCT图像计算脉络膜厚度和脉络膜轮廓。在这些随访点也同时测量了眼轴长度(axial length,AL)和其他眼生物学参数。结果：在2年内，对照组的脉络膜厚度随时间变薄，脉络膜轮廓变得更加后凸(均P<0.001)。角膜塑形镜可以改善脉络膜厚度(均P<0.001)，并在所有随访中维持脉络膜轮廓不后凸(均P<0.05)。在角膜塑形镜组中，脉络膜轮廓在颞侧的变化小于鼻侧(P=0.008)，而脉络膜厚度在颞侧以黄斑中心凹为中心、直径3 mm线性扫描区域的增厚更明显(P<0.001)。2年内脉络膜厚度的变化与对照组中2年内AL变化呈负相关(r=-0.52，P<0.001)，然而，这一规律被角膜塑形镜打破(r=-0.05 P=0.342)。在多变量回归模型中校正其他变量后，角膜塑形镜对脉络膜厚度的影响是稳定的。结论：角膜塑形镜可以改善脉络膜厚度并维持脉络膜轮廓，但这种效果在长期内趋于减弱。

Objective: To investigate the long-term effect of orthokeratology on the choroidal thickness and choroidal contour in myopic children. Methods:Subjects were from a conducted 2-year Randomized Clinical Trial. Children (n=80) aged 8-12 years with spherical equivalent refraction of -1.00 to -6.00 D were randomly assigned to the control group (n=40) and ortho-k group (n=40). OCT images were collected at the baseline, 1-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month visits, then the choroidal thickness and choroid contour were calculated. Axial length (AL) and other ocular biometrics were also measured. Results: During two years, in the control group, the choroidal thickness became thinning and the choroidal contour became prolate with time at all visits (all P<0.001). Ortho-k can improve the choroidal thickness (all P<0.001) and maintain the choroidal contour at all visits (all P<0.05). In the ortho-k group, the choroidal contour was less changed in the temporal than nasal (P=0.008), and the choroidal thickness was more thickening in the temporal 3 mm (P<0.001). Two-year change in choroidal thickness was significantly associated with the two-year AL change in the control group (r=-0.52, P<0.001), however, this trend was broken by ortho-k (r=-0.05, P=0.342). After being adjusted by other variables in the multivariable regression model, the effect of ortho-k on choroidal thickness was stable. Conclusions: In a short term, ortho-k can improve the choroidal thickness and maintain the choroidal contour, but this effect diminished in a long term. Further study with larger sample size and longer follow-up is warranted to refine this issue.

目的：评估新一代基于人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的人工晶状体(intraocular lens,IOL)计算公式的准确性。方法：本研究为回顾性研究，纳入因白内障行晶状体超声乳化联合IOL植入术的262例患者262眼。在术前，通过IOLMaster700获取角膜曲率、角膜白到白、中央角膜厚度、前房深度、晶状体厚度以及眼轴长度。使用第三代公式(SRK/T、Holladay 1和Hoffer Q)、Barrett UniversalⅡ(BUⅡ)、新一代AI公式(Kane、Pearl-DGS、Hill-RBF 3.0、Hoffer QST和Jin-AI)对术后屈光状态进行计算，并与术后实际的屈光状态进行比较。在将预测误差(prediction error,PE)归零后，分析了各公式的标准差(standard deviation,SD)、绝对误差均值(mean absolute error,MAE)、绝对误差中位数(median absolute error,MedAE)以及PE在±0.25、±0.50、±1.00、±2.00 D范围内的百分比。结果：基于AI的IOL屈光力计算公式的SD、MAE和MedAE的范围分别为0.37 D(Kane和Jin-AI)至0.39 D(Hoffer QST)、0.28 D(Hill-RBF 3.0和Jin-AI)至0.31 D(Hoffer QST)以及0.21 D(Hill-RBF3.0和Jin-AI)至0.24 D(HofferQST)；均低于第三代公式(SD：0.43 D~0.45 D；MAE：0.34 D；MedAE：0.25 D~0.28 D)。在所有公式中，Jin-AI公式预测误差在±0.50 D的比例最高，为84.73%，Kane(84.35%)和BUⅡ(83.97%)公式次之。结论：在IOL屈光力预测上，与传统第三代公式相比，新一代基于AI的公式表现出更高的准确性，可以使更多的患者在术后获得预期的屈光状态。

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of new generation artificial intelligence (AI)-based intraocular lens (IOL)power calculation formulas. Methods: This retrospective study included a total of 262 eyes from 262 patients with cataract who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation. Keratometry, corneal white-to-white, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and axial length were measured by the IOL Master 700 before surgery. Predicted refractive errors were calculated by the third-generation formulas (SRK/T, Holladay 1, and Hoffer Q), Barrett UniversalⅡ (BUⅡ), and the newer-generation AI formulas (Kane, Pearl-DGS, Hill-RBF 3.0, Hoffer QST, and Jin-AI), and were compared with the actual postoperative refractive value. After adjusting the prediction error (PE) to zero, the standard deviation (SD), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and the percentage of a PE within the range of ±0.25 diopter (D), ±0.50 D, ±1.00 D, and ±2.00 D were analyzed. Results: The SD, MAE, and MedAE of the AI-based formulas ranged from 0.37 D (Kane and Jin-AI) to 0.39 D (Hoffer QST), 0.28 D (Hill-RBF 3.0 and Jin-AI) to 0.31 D (Hoffer QST), and 0.21 D (Hill-RBF 3.0 and Jin-AI) to 0.24 D (Hoffer QST), respectively. These values were all lower than those of the third-generation formula (SD: 0.43 D to 0.45 D; MAE: 0.34 D; MedAE: 0.25 D to 0.28 D). Among all the formulas, the Jin-AI formula had the highest proportion of a PE within ±0.50 D (84.73%), followed by Kane (84.35%) and BUⅡ (83.97%) formulas. Conclusion: The new AI-based IOL formulas show higher accuracy compared with the traditional third-generation ones in predicting IOL power. thereby enabling more patients to achieve the expected refractive outcomes after surgery

视网膜是中枢神经系统的一部分。在胚胎起源上，视网膜和大脑均由神经管发育而来。因此，许多发生在大脑的神经退行性疾病往往会同时累及视网膜。而神经退行性疾病过程中相关的特征性病理改变，如病理性蛋白聚集和神经血管单元破坏也常能在视网膜组织中被检测到。在一些神经退行性疾病中，眼部的病理改变甚至在临床症状出现之前就已发生；其次视网膜易于观察且局部治疗操作便捷，因此近年来视网膜在中枢神经退行性疾病发病机制研究、早期诊断和新型治疗方式探究等方面备受关注。该文对常见神经退行性疾病的眼部病理改变进行综述，旨在为大脑和视网膜神经退行疾病的发病机制、诊断以及治疗研究提供新的见解。

The retina is a part of the central nervous system. Developmentally, both retina and brain are derived from the neural tube. Therefore, many neurodegenerative diseases that occur in the brain tend to involve both the retina. In the process of neurodegenerative diseases, related characteristic pathological changes, such as pathological protein aggregation, neurovascular unit impairment can often be detected in retinal tissue. In some neurodegenerative diseases, pathological changes in the eye occur even before clinical symptoms appear. In addition, the retina are easy to observe and local treatments are convenient. In recent years, the manifestations of the retina have attracted much attention in the study of pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and new treatments of systemic central neurodegenerative diseases. In this way, this article reviews the ocular pathological changes of common neurodegenerative diseases, aiming to provide new insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of brain and retinal neurodegenerative diseases.

当前，药物临床试验面临着两大难题：数据真实性及相关人员操作规范性。现阶段国内外在药物临床试验方面的监管主要以事后监查为主，在数据质量管理以及操作规划标准的监查方面存在一定的时延性。而区块链通过非对称加密、哈希算法及智能合约等技术，可以在保证受试者隐私信息的前提下，提高政府相关监督机构的监管效率，提升药物临床试验数据管理的透明度；同时，与物联网的紧密结合可以实现对标准操作规范的进一步核查，与人工智能的结合有望实现受试者的自动招募。

Clinical drug trials are confronted with two major issues: first, data authenticity, for instance, if any data falsification is conducted during the whole trial; second, whether the standard of procedure is accordingly conducted throughout the whole trial or not. Currently, both domestic and overseas clinical drug trials are not supervised without delay (ex-post inspection). Blockchain technology can improve the efficiency of Food and Drug Administration and the transparency of trials while the rights and safety of human research subjects are guaranteed by the integrated technology such as chained structure, asymmetry key algorithm, hash algorithm, and smart contract. Furthermore, with the assistance of internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), the actual supervision over the whole trial and automatic recruitment of human research subjects are expected to achieve.

传统的眼底手术要求眼科医生具备精细的操作技术，但即便拥有再精湛的操作技术，眼底手术还是存在很大的风险性。因此，为了减少手术风险，提高手术质量，对传统眼底手术进行改进是十分必要的。近年来，在我国对于人工智能产业的大力支持之下，应用于各类行业的机器人随之诞生。机器人辅助系统(robot auxiliary system，RAS)在医学领域，特别是眼科学中应用广泛。对近几年RAS应用于眼底手术的案例进行整理总结，并将RAS参与的眼底手术以及传统的眼底手术进行对比，可以发现RAS在眼底手术中的应用可以显著提高手术效率，并降低手术风险。未来RAS的发展趋势可能着重聚焦于与深度学习算法的紧密结合。通过算法对手术中的视野图像进行预测、优化，从而让高精度的眼底手术更加高效、安全。

Traditional fundus surgery requires ophthalmologists to be equipped with sophisticated operating techniques, but even with the most sophisticated operating techniques, fundus surgery still has great risks. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of surgery and improve the quality of surgery, it is very necessary to improve the traditional fundus surgery. In recent years, with China’s strong support for the artificial intelligence industry, robots used in various industries have been born. Robot auxiliary system (RAS) is widely used in the medical field, especially in ophthalmology. By summarizing the cases of fundus surgery with RAS in recent years and comparing the fundus surgery involving RAS with traditional fundus surgery, it can be found that the application of RAS in fundus surgery can significantly improve the efficiency of surgery and reduce the risk of surgery. The future development trend of RAS may focus on the close integration with deep learning algorithms, which can predict and optimize the field of view images during surgery so that high-precision fundus surgery can be more efficient and safer.

目的：分析染色体外环状DNA（extrachromosomal circular DNA, eccDNA）的分子特征及潜在功能，初步探索eccDNA在合并人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus, HIV）感染患者的白内障发病过程中的作用机制。方法：收集4例合并HIV感染的并发性白内障（complicated cataract, CC）患者及性别、年龄与之匹配的4例年龄相关性白内障（age-related cataract, ARC）患者晶状体囊膜，通过提取、滚环扩增及circle-seq对eccDNA进行全长测序，分析比较合并HIV感染的CC患者及ARC患者之间晶状体囊膜eccDNA的数量、长度分布、基因组元件分布及eccDNA相关差异基因功能富集情况。结果：合并HIV感染的CC患者晶状体囊膜中eccDNA数量较ARC患者增多，鸟嘌呤（guanine, G）和胞嘧啶（cytosine，C）碱基所占的比例（GC含量）较ARC患者减少。在CC患者及ARC患者中，eccDNA的长度在1 200 ~1 800 bp均分布最多，CC患者在2 000~2 200 bp之间呈现另一部分高峰，ARC组则在此区间eccDNA丰度极低。CC患者eccDNA来源基因组元件在CpG岛占比低于ARC组。 CC患者组eccDNA差异基因富集的通路多与钙信号通路、Apelin信号通路及cGMP-PKG信号通路相关。结论：合并HIV感染的CC患者与ARC患者晶状体囊膜eccDNA的分子特征存在差异，提示eccDNA可能通过基因表达调控晶状体前囊膜代谢功能影响CC的发生、发展。

Objective: To perform full-length sequencing of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) in the lens capsule of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected complicated cataract (CC) and age-related cataract (ARC). The aim is to analyze the molecular characteristics and potential functions of eccDNA and initially investigate the mechanism by which eccDNA contributes to the pathogenesis of cataract related to HIV infection. Methods: Lens capsules were collected from 4 CC patients who were co-infected with HIV and from ARC patients matched for gender and age. The eccDNA was sequenced following a process that included extraction, rolling circle amplification, and circle-seq. We then analyzed and compared the number, length distribution, genomic element distribution, and enrichment of differential gene functions associated with eccDNA in the lens capsules of CC patients co-infected with HIV and ARC patients. Results: The number of eccDNA molecules in the lens capsule of CC patients co-infected with HIV was significantly higher than that in ARC patients, while the GC content was lower.. In both CC and ARC patients, the majority of eccDNA lengths felll within the range of 1200 to 1800 bp. However, CC patients exhibited an additional peak between 2000 and 2200 bp, where the abundance of eccDNA in the ARC group was extremely low. Regarding genomic elements derived from eccDNA, the proportion in CC patients was lower than that in the ARC group within CpG islands. The pathways associated with differential gene enrichment of eccDNA in CC patients were primarily related to the calcium signaling pathway, Apelin signaling pathway, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Conclusions: There are notable differences in the molecular characteristics of lens capsule eccDNA between CC patients with HIV infection and ARC patients.These finding suggest that eccDNA may influence the onset and progression of CC by regulating the metabolic functions of the anterior lens capsule through gene expression.

目的：分析新疆眼科资源配置现状，为优化地区资源配置提供依据。方法：采用问卷调查收集新疆眼科医疗机构数、床位数、医师数及护士数资料，运用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数评估其在人口和地域面积的配置公平性。结果：2024年新疆每10万人口有眼科医疗机构0.68个、眼科床位13.90张、眼科医师7.68人、眼科护士5.88人。按人口配置：眼科医疗机构数、眼科床位数、眼科医师数、眼科护士数的基尼系数分别为0.22、0.23、0.26、0.29（相对公平）；按地域面积配置：眼科医疗机构数、眼科床位数、眼科医师数、眼科护士数的基尼系数分别为0.40、0.60、0.59、0.60（高度不公平）。结论：新疆眼科资源总量显著提升，但地域配置公平性极差（基尼系数普遍大于0.4），护士配置明显不足。亟须优化资源配置策略，重点提升地域（尤其是偏远广阔地区）可及性并加强护士队伍建设。

Objective: To analyze the equity of ophthalmic resource allocation in Xinjiang and provide evidence for optimizing distribution. Methods: Data on the number of ophthalmic medical institutions,beds, physicians, and nurses in Xinjiang were collected through questionnaires. The Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to evaluate allocation equity in terms of population and geographic area. Results: In 2024，Xinjiang had 0.68 ophthalmic medical institutions,13.90 ophthalmic beds, 7.68 ophthalmic physicians,and 5.88 ophthalmic nurses per 100,000 population. Population-based allocation showed Gini coefficients of 0.22, 0.23, 0.26,and 0.29 for ophthalmic institutions,beds, physicians,and nurses respectively (relatively equitable). Geographic area-based allocation yielded Gini coefficients of 0.40, 0.60, 0.59, and 0.60 for the same categories (highly inequitable). Conclusions: While the total ophthalmic resources in Xinjiang have significantly increased, geographic allocation remains extremely inequitable (Gini coefficients generally >0.4), with particularly insufficient nurse staffing. Urgent optimization of resource allocation strategies is needed, focusing on improving accessibility in remote areas and strengthening the nursing workforce.

目的：分析吉林大学白求恩第二医院2023—2024年眼科门诊处方用药情况，为提高医院眼科门诊的合理用药水平，优化处方前置审核规则提供依据，加强对药品合理使用的管控手段。方法：使用HYGEA合理用药平台，筛选2023年6月—2024年12月眼科门诊相关处方信息，包括药品使用排名和不合理处方条目，对不合理处方项目进行分类绘制帕累托图，并按照问题条目占比排序并分析主要因素、次要因素和一般因素。最终以设置给药途径为干预手段场景为例，评价合理用药平台对眼科门诊处方合格率的改善情况。 结果：按条件检索，共筛选眼科门诊55 623张处方，不合理处方条目37 760条，2023年度和2024年度发生率分别为43.32%和45.43%；绘制帕累托图结果显示，2023年影响处方合格率的主要因素为适应证规则，一般因素为给药途径、剂量限制、疗程限制和特殊人群；2024年影响处方合格率的主要因素为适应证规则，次要因素为重复用药，一般因素为给药途径、疗程限制、剂量限制、特殊人群、禁忌证和相互作用；通过干预给药途径设置规则后，不合格率从20.11%减少至2.53%，提高了处方合格率（P<0.001）。结论：合理用药平台可以通过设置规则，显著减少开具处方的错误，提高处方合格率。

Objective: To analyze prescription drug use in the ophthalmology clinic of the Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University from 2023-2024 ,promote rational drug use in the ophthalmology outpatient department  provide a basis for optimizing pre-prescription review rules, and strengthen rational drug use management. Methods: By utilizing the HYGEA rational drug use platform, we screened prescription data from the ophthalmology outpatient department spanning from June 2023 to December 2024. This data encompassed drug usage rankings and items related to irrational prescriptions. We categorized the irrational items and constructed a Pareto chart to rank and analyze the primary, secondary, and general contributing factors. Taking the intervention scenario of adjusting administration route settings as an example, we evaluated the platform's impact on enhancing prescription compliance rates. Results: A total of 55,623 ophthalmology outpatient prescriptions were screened, revealing 37,760 irrational prescriptions. This irrational prescription rates were 43.32% in 2023 and 45.43% in 2024. Pareto analysis revealed that in 2023, the main factor influencing prescription compliance was indication rules, while general factors included administration route, dosage limits, treatment duration limits, and special populations. In 2024, indication rules still constituted the primary factor, with duplicate prescriptions emerging as secondary factors. General factors encompassed administration route, treatment duration limits, dosage limits, special populations, contraindications, and drug interactions. After implementing intervention rules for administration routes, the unreasonable rate dropped from 20.11% to 2.53%. This significantly rectified erroneous administration routes and improved prescription compliance (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The rational drug use platform can significantly reduce prescription errors and enhance prescription compliance through rule-based interventions.

视盘内出血伴视盘旁视网膜下出血(intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage, IHAPSH)的病例报道较为少见。此病好发于患有轻、中度近视的中青年，且伴有视盘向倾斜或小视盘的患者，具有自限性，视力预后良好，无后遗症，而且很少复发。IHAPSH的眼底表现为视盘内出血、视盘旁视网膜下出血，严重者可出现玻璃体积血。文章报道一例IHAPSH，患者为26岁中度近视女性，主要症状为左眼无痛性视力下降伴眼前黑影飘动6 d。双眼最佳矫正视力均为1.0。眼底检查发现双眼视盘偏小，呈倾斜位，右眼视盘鼻侧见红色视网膜下出血灶；左眼视盘内及视盘鼻侧、上方、颞上方视网膜浅层出血，视盘鼻侧见边界清晰的新月形红色视网膜下出血。未进行特殊治疗，2个月后出血完全吸收。此病病因复杂多样，需与多种眼底疾病相鉴别，及时行眼科相关检查以排除其他原因导致的视盘水肿、视盘出血。文章通过文献回顾，总结其临床特征、发病机制、诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。

Intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage (IHAPSH) is rarely reported. IHAPSH commonly affects young myopic eyes with tilted optic discs and spontaneously resolves without treatment, with an excellent prognosis for vision recovery and very rarely recur. The fundus manifestations of IHAPSH are intrapapillary hemorrhage, peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage, or even with vitreous bleeding. An 26-year-old female with mild myopia presented with symptoms of blurry vision and black filamentous floaters for 6 days. Her BCVA was 1.0 in both eyes. Fundus examination showed that both discs appear small, and elevated in the nasal regions. Intrapapillary hemorrhage, peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage were observed in the left eye, while only peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage was seen in the right eye. The hemorrhage was resolved spontaneously without any complication after 2 months. The etiology of IHAPSH is complex, and it should be differentiated from other causes of papilledema and disc hemorrhage. The clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis were summarized through the literature review.