Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) manifests through two main clinical presentations, characterized by the meibomian gland (MG) ductal obstruction or acinar dropout. While previous research has predominantly associated MGD pathogenesis with hyperkeratinization-related MG ductal obstruction and subsequent acinar atrophy, recent cases have shown significant functional acinar loss in the absence of apparent ductal keratinization or blockage. The deterioration of either MG obstruction or dropout exacerbates the condition of the other, suggesting an independent yet interconnected relationship that perpetuates the vicious cycle of MGD. Understanding the distinct pathological features of MG obstruction and dropout is crucial for delineating their etiology and identifying targeted therapeutic strategies. This review explores the nuanced interrelations of MG obstruction and dropout, elucidating potential pathological mechanisms to establish a foundation for early MGD diagnosis and intervention.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) manifests through two main clinical presentations, characterized by the meibomian gland (MG) ductal obstruction or acinar dropout. While previous research has predominantly associated MGD pathogenesis with hyperkeratinization-related MG ductal obstruction and subsequent acinar atrophy, recent cases have shown significant functional acinar loss in the absence of apparent ductal keratinization or blockage. The deterioration of either MG obstruction or dropout exacerbates the condition of the other, suggesting an independent yet interconnected relationship that perpetuates the vicious cycle of MGD. Understanding the distinct pathological features of MG obstruction and dropout is crucial for delineating their etiology and identifying targeted therapeutic strategies. This review explores the nuanced interrelations of MG obstruction and dropout, elucidating potential pathological mechanisms to establish a foundation for early MGD diagnosis and intervention.

Background: To investigate the 1-time success rate of probing alone and nasolacrimal duct probing combined with nasolacrimal injection of levofloxacin ophthalmic gel on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in young children.

Methods: A retrospective case series was performed on 494 cases (647 eyes) of 3–12 month-old children with CNLDO between July 2014 and July 2015. Material obtained from the lacrimal sac was cultured to isolate infectious agents. Susceptibility testing was done. Children from 3–12 months of age who were found to be sensitive to Levofloxacin (n=493 eyes) were separated into two groups: 3–6 months of age (276 eyes) and 7–12 months of age (217 eyes). Each of the groups were then randomized into group A (138 eyes of 3–6 months of age; 102 eyes of 7–12 months of age) and group B (138 eyes of 3–6 months of age; 115 eyes of 7–12 months of age). Children in group A underwent nasolacrimal duct probing alone; those in group B underwent nasolacrimal duct probing plus nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin and the efficacy of probing was evaluated.

Results: The average detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in dacryocystitis was 75.1%, and Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the main pathogenic bacteria (42.59%, 106 cases). Among children from 7–12 months of age, the 1-time success rate of nasolacrimal duct probing alone was 88.24% and the 1-time success rate of probing combined with nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin ophthalmic gel was 96.52% (statistical significance, P=0.02<0.05).

Conclusions: Most pathogenic bacteria (96.81%) were sensitive to levofloxacin. Nasolacrimal duct probing combined with nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin may improve the success rate of probing in children older than 6 months of age.

Background: To investigate the 1-time success rate of probing alone and nasolacrimal duct probing combined with nasolacrimal injection of levofloxacin ophthalmic gel on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in young children.

Methods: A retrospective case series was performed on 494 cases (647 eyes) of 3–12 month-old children with CNLDO between July 2014 and July 2015. Material obtained from the lacrimal sac was cultured to isolate infectious agents. Susceptibility testing was done. Children from 3–12 months of age who were found to be sensitive to Levofloxacin (n=493 eyes) were separated into two groups: 3–6 months of age (276 eyes) and 7–12 months of age (217 eyes). Each of the groups were then randomized into group A (138 eyes of 3–6 months of age; 102 eyes of 7–12 months of age) and group B (138 eyes of 3–6 months of age; 115 eyes of 7–12 months of age). Children in group A underwent nasolacrimal duct probing alone; those in group B underwent nasolacrimal duct probing plus nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin and the efficacy of probing was evaluated.

Results: The average detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in dacryocystitis was 75.1%, and Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the main pathogenic bacteria (42.59%, 106 cases). Among children from 7–12 months of age, the 1-time success rate of nasolacrimal duct probing alone was 88.24% and the 1-time success rate of probing combined with nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin ophthalmic gel was 96.52% (statistical significance, P=0.02<0.05).

Conclusions: Most pathogenic bacteria (96.81%) were sensitive to levofloxacin. Nasolacrimal duct probing combined with nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin may improve the success rate of probing in children older than 6 months of age.

The whole lacrimal passage intubation is widely used in lacrimal surgery. However, one of the most typical complications is the prolapse of the silicone tube from the medial canthus. In case, the bicanalicular silicone tube after whole lacrimal duct intubation has completely prolapsed from the medial canthus before extubation, then cannot be found in the opening of the nasolacrimal duct, and it would be a challenge to reposition or removal. A novel approach to employ a modified suture-probe and silk thread traction technique has been developed, and it is not only safe and effective, but also cost-effective.

The whole lacrimal passage intubation is widely used in lacrimal surgery. However, one of the most typical complications is the prolapse of the silicone tube from the medial canthus. In case, the bicanalicular silicone tube after whole lacrimal duct intubation has completely prolapsed from the medial canthus before extubation, then cannot be found in the opening of the nasolacrimal duct, and it would be a challenge to reposition or removal. A novel approach to employ a modified suture-probe and silk thread traction technique has been developed, and it is not only safe and effective, but also cost-effective.

Background: The purpose of this study is to summarize the application of day surgery combined with fast track program in strabismus operation under general anesthesia.

Methods: The clinical data of 2,000 cases of strabismus patients who had underwent surgery in day surgery or traditional hospitalization in the duration from 2015 to 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. The safety and efficacy were assessed by comparing the average length of stay in hospitals, anesthesia recovery time, patient satisfaction and number of adverse events.

Results: Compared with the traditional group, the average length of stay in hospital and recovery time in day surgery group were significantly lower (P<0.001) and the satisfaction of patient was improved (P<0.05), which were statistically significant difference. Moreover, no adverse events occurred among these patients.

Conclusions: The application of day surgery in strabismus operation under general anesthesia is feasible, which can reduce the recovery time and shorten the hospital stay of patients safely and effectively, and their satisfaction was improved at the same time.

Background: The purpose of this study is to summarize the application of day surgery combined with fast track program in strabismus operation under general anesthesia.

Methods: The clinical data of 2,000 cases of strabismus patients who had underwent surgery in day surgery or traditional hospitalization in the duration from 2015 to 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. The safety and efficacy were assessed by comparing the average length of stay in hospitals, anesthesia recovery time, patient satisfaction and number of adverse events.

Results: Compared with the traditional group, the average length of stay in hospital and recovery time in day surgery group were significantly lower (P<0.001) and the satisfaction of patient was improved (P<0.05), which were statistically significant difference. Moreover, no adverse events occurred among these patients.

Conclusions: The application of day surgery in strabismus operation under general anesthesia is feasible, which can reduce the recovery time and shorten the hospital stay of patients safely and effectively, and their satisfaction was improved at the same time.