目的：观察激光导致的黄斑区视网膜损伤的眼底改变及其光学相干断层扫描仪（OCT）图像特征。

方法：收集 2002 年 4 月—2009 年 12 月因激光照射致视力下降的患者 4 例（4 眼）。所有患者均行眼部常规检查、眼底照相及 OCT 检查。

结果：4 例患者的眼底表现各不相同。1 例表现为黄斑区板层裂孔，残留薄层外层视网膜，相应部位光感受器内外节连接光带消失及视网膜色素上皮光带消失，脉络膜光带下陷并反射略增强，周围视网膜前膜形成，玻璃体腔积血；1 例表现为黄斑区全层裂孔伴周围视网膜水肿；1 例表现为黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层局限性浆液性浅脱离；1 例表现为黄斑区视网膜内层团状高反射（出血）。

结论：激光致黄斑区视网膜损伤的眼底表现多种多样，OCT 能够清晰显示其视网膜损伤的层次及形态改变。

Purpose: To observe the changes of ocular fundus and to describe the image features of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with laser-induced maculopathy.

Methods: Four patients (4 eyes) with decreased visual acuity due to laser injury were recruited into the study between April 2002 to December 2009. All patients checked up eyes with routine examination, eyeground photography and OCT.

Results: The four cases presented with different clinical characteristics from each another. In the first case, OCT showed lamella macular hole, with partially remained outer sensory retina. The signals of inner segments/outer segments (IS/OS) band and RPE band were disrupted. The choroidal band was distorted with increased reflection. Perimacular epiretinal membrane and vitreous hemorrhage were also observed. The second case had a full-thickness macular hole with retina edema surrounding the hole. The third case presented with local serous sensory retinal detachment in macula. The fourth case presented with hyper-reflection of the inner retina in macula which indicated hemorrhage.

Conclusion: There are various patterns of laser-induced maculopathy. OCT is a useful noninvasive diagnostic tool to delineate the layer, extent and configuration of the damage on retina. 

目的：探讨复合小梁切除术后并发浅前房的原因、治疗和预后情况。

方法：对在该院行复合小梁切除术的 267 例（302 眼）青光眼患者进行回顾性研究 ，观察术后浅前房的发生原因、治疗、预后情 况。

结果：302 眼中有 43 眼出现浅前房（1424％）。 术后滤过过强、滤过口渗漏，脉络膜脱离及睫状环阻滞是浅前房的主要原因，浅前房发生后给予保守或手术治疗，43 眼前房均恢复正常。

结论：复合小梁切除术后浅前房是常见的一种并发症。术中控制滤过率，合理应用丝裂霉素可减少浅前房的发生；术后密切观测前房、眼压和滤过情况，及早对浅前房进行干预可明显改善预后。

Purpose: To investigate the clinical cause, therapy and prognosis of shallow anterior chamber after complex trabeculectomy surgery of glaucoma.

Methods: A retrospective study of 267 patients (302 eyes) diagnosed with glaucoma at our hospital was reviewed.

Result: Forty-three among 302 eyes presented shallow anterior chamber (14.24%). The main causes of shallow anterior chamber after surgery included excessive filtering function, conjunctival exudation, choroidal detachment and ciliary circle block. These patients recovered after receiving conservative or surgical treatment.

Conclusions: The shallow anterior chamber is a frequent complication occurring following complex trabeculectomy surgery. The occurrence of this complication may be decreased by controlling filterableness and moderately applying mitomycin C intraoperatively; the prognosis may be significantly enhanced by detecting main measurements including anterior chamber, intraocular tension, filtration condition, and by interfering in shallow anterior chamber early after complex trabeculectomy surgery.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the health literacy of adult Vietnamese population in relation to common eye conditions and identify factors associated with respondents never having had an eye examination.

Methods: Four hundred households from two districts of Ba Ria-Vung Tau (BRVT) province were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. One adult from each household was administered a pre-tested knowledge, attitude and practices toward eye health questionnaire. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Of the 400 subjects interviewed (mean age: 51.5±14.5 years; range, 30–90 years), 53.5% reported never having had an eye examination and 38.0% had spectacles. Awareness of eye conditions ranged from 7.0% for glaucoma to 52.8% for red eye. Low awareness of these conditions was significantly associated with rural habitation (odds ratio ranged from 1.65 to 2.78), lower educational attainment (odds ratio ranged from 1.78 to 2.59) and non-spectacle wear (odds ratio ranged from 1.88 to 4.55). Significant barriers to eye examination included lower educational attainment, reported absence of eye problems, non-spectacle wear, lack of affordability, and lack of health insurance.

Conclusions: Knowledge of and attitude or practices to eye health is low within the general public in Vietnam, especially among those who have never had an eye examination, are less educated and live in rural areas. Eye health promotion activities are warranted for the population and speciff c factors that influence eye examination visits should be addressed.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the health literacy of adult Vietnamese population in relation to common eye conditions and identify factors associated with respondents never having had an eye examination.

Methods: Four hundred households from two districts of Ba Ria-Vung Tau (BRVT) province were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. One adult from each household was administered a pre-tested knowledge, attitude and practices toward eye health questionnaire. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Of the 400 subjects interviewed (mean age: 51.5±14.5 years; range, 30–90 years), 53.5% reported never having had an eye examination and 38.0% had spectacles. Awareness of eye conditions ranged from 7.0% for glaucoma to 52.8% for red eye. Low awareness of these conditions was significantly associated with rural habitation (odds ratio ranged from 1.65 to 2.78), lower educational attainment (odds ratio ranged from 1.78 to 2.59) and non-spectacle wear (odds ratio ranged from 1.88 to 4.55). Significant barriers to eye examination included lower educational attainment, reported absence of eye problems, non-spectacle wear, lack of affordability, and lack of health insurance.

Conclusions: Knowledge of and attitude or practices to eye health is low within the general public in Vietnam, especially among those who have never had an eye examination, are less educated and live in rural areas. Eye health promotion activities are warranted for the population and speciff c factors that influence eye examination visits should be addressed.

Background: To find the changes of macular perimetry (MP) and the correlations between MP and best correct visual acuity (BCVA) in different phases of the acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: Twenty-one eyes with acute CSC and their fellow eyes were analysed retrospectively. MP at 2°, 4° and BCVA in the active and resolved phase were collected and analyzed. The differences of these parameters in CSC eyes and fellow eyes were analyzed. Spearman correlation was used for analysis of correlation between MP and BCVA.

Results: From 29 eyes with CSC analysed 27eyes (93.10%) recovered to the previous VA. Compared with the active phase, MP at 2°, 4° and BCVA were significantly improved in the resolved phase(P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). MP at 2°, 4° and BCVA of CSC eyes were significantly poor compared with the fellow eyes in the active phase (P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). In the resolved phase there was no significant difference between the CSC eyes and fellow eyes (P=0.339, 0.141, 0.161, respectively). BCVA was shown to significantly correlate with MP at 2° in the active phase (ρ=–0.630, P<0.001).

Conclusions: The acute CSC often had a good prognosis both in BCVA and MP. MP can provide an additional objective parameter to evaluate the retinal function changes at macula of acute CSC. 

Background: To find the changes of macular perimetry (MP) and the correlations between MP and best correct visual acuity (BCVA) in different phases of the acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: Twenty-one eyes with acute CSC and their fellow eyes were analysed retrospectively. MP at 2°, 4° and BCVA in the active and resolved phase were collected and analyzed. The differences of these parameters in CSC eyes and fellow eyes were analyzed. Spearman correlation was used for analysis of correlation between MP and BCVA.

Results: From 29 eyes with CSC analysed 27eyes (93.10%) recovered to the previous VA. Compared with the active phase, MP at 2°, 4° and BCVA were significantly improved in the resolved phase(P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). MP at 2°, 4° and BCVA of CSC eyes were significantly poor compared with the fellow eyes in the active phase (P=0.000, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). In the resolved phase there was no significant difference between the CSC eyes and fellow eyes (P=0.339, 0.141, 0.161, respectively). BCVA was shown to significantly correlate with MP at 2° in the active phase (ρ=–0.630, P<0.001).

Conclusions: The acute CSC often had a good prognosis both in BCVA and MP. MP can provide an additional objective parameter to evaluate the retinal function changes at macula of acute CSC. 

目的：评估低视力青少年使用电子助视器对其阅读速度的影响。

方法：在泉州市盲校筛查 10 名使用光学助视器有阅读能力的低视力青少年学生进行屈光矫正和常规外眼、内眼检查，分别测量其使用各种光学助视器及电子助视器阅读5号字卡的阅读速度。

结果：10 名低视力青少年学生在使用光学助视器后阅读速度为 (18.50±6.54) 字/分，使用电子助视器后阅读速度为 (34.36±5.06) 字/分，两组比较差异有统计学意义 (P < 0.05)。低视力青少年的近视力与阅读速度无关 (P > 0.05)。

结论：使用电子助视器较光学助视器可以明显提高低视力青少年的阅读速度，不同病因所致的低视力青少年其近视力与阅读速度无关。

Purpose: To evaluate the reading speed of adolescents with different causes of low vision using electronic visual aids.
Methods: The screening of 10 young students from Quanzhou Blind School who could read Chinese N5 print by different optical aids. After refractive correction and ophthalmic examination, the reading speeds with Chinese N5 print were measured using various optical and electronic visual aids.
Results: The reading speed of (34.36 ± 5.06) words/min by electronic visual aids performed faster than the reading speed of (18.50 ± 6.54) words/min by optical visual aids in 10 young students with low vision (P < 0.05). The reading speed of young people with low vision due to different causes had no direct linear correlation with their near visual acuity (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: The electronic visual aids could more significantly improve the reading speed of young people with low vision than the optical visual aids did. The reading speed of young people with low vision due to different causes was not related to their near visual acuity.

Purpose: To analyze the retinal symmetry of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) in both eyes of normal subjects.

Methods: The monocular mfVEP in both eyes of 36 normal subjects (72 eyes) were tested with VERIS Science 4.0. The stimulus was the pattern reversal dart array consisted of 60 sectors each including 16 black-white reverse patterns. The visual stimulation was controlled by a binary pseudo-random m-sequence and subtended 25 degrees of retinal region.

Results: The mfVEP patterns between left and right eyes of each subject were similar, and P₁ latency and amplitude in correspondent visual field quadrants between left and right eyes had no significant difference (P>0.05). The latency of superotemporal visual field quadrant in right eyes was shorter than that of superonasal visual field quadrant in left eyes, and the amplitude of superonasal visual field quadrant in right eyes was longer than that of superotemporal visual field quadrant in left eyes (P<0.05). The P₁ latency and amplitude among four visual field quadrants of each eye had significant difference (P<0.05). The P1 latency between the superonasal visual field quadrant and inferotemporal visual field quadrant or between the superonasal visual field quadrant and inferonasal quadrant visual field had significant differences in right or left eyes (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The mfVEP of normal subjects exists retinal symmetry. 

Purpose: To analyze the retinal symmetry of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) in both eyes of normal subjects.

Methods: The monocular mfVEP in both eyes of 36 normal subjects (72 eyes) were tested with VERIS Science 4.0. The stimulus was the pattern reversal dart array consisted of 60 sectors each including 16 black-white reverse patterns. The visual stimulation was controlled by a binary pseudo-random m-sequence and subtended 25 degrees of retinal region.

Results: The mfVEP patterns between left and right eyes of each subject were similar, and P₁ latency and amplitude in correspondent visual field quadrants between left and right eyes had no significant difference (P>0.05). The latency of superotemporal visual field quadrant in right eyes was shorter than that of superonasal visual field quadrant in left eyes, and the amplitude of superonasal visual field quadrant in right eyes was longer than that of superotemporal visual field quadrant in left eyes (P<0.05). The P₁ latency and amplitude among four visual field quadrants of each eye had significant difference (P<0.05). The P1 latency between the superonasal visual field quadrant and inferotemporal visual field quadrant or between the superonasal visual field quadrant and inferonasal quadrant visual field had significant differences in right or left eyes (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The mfVEP of normal subjects exists retinal symmetry. 

Background: To date, compliance to atropine penalization in amblyopic children has only been assessed through self-report. The goal of this pilot study is to measure compliance to atropine penalization objectively.

Methods: Seven amblyopic children (3–8 years; 20/40–20/125 in the amblyopic eye) were enrolled. None had been treated with atropine previously. Children were prescribed either a twice per week or daily atropine regimen by their physicians. Compliance was defined as the percentage of days in which the atropine eye drop was taken compared to the number of doses prescribed. We used medication event monitoring system (MEMS) caps to objectively measure compliance. The MEMS caps are designed to electronically record the time and date when the bottle is opened. The parents of the children were provided a calendar log to subjectively report compliance. Participants were scheduled for return visits at 4 and 12 weeks. Weekly compliance was analyzed.

Results: At 4 weeks, objective compliance averaged 88% (range, 57–100%), while subjective compliance was 98% (range, 90–100%). The actual dose in grams and visual acuity (VA) response relationship (r=0.79, P=0.03) was signiff cantly better than the relationship between regimen and response (r=0.41, P>0.05), or the relationship between actual dose in drops and response (r=0.52, P>0.05).

Conclusions: Objective compliance to atropine penalization instructions can be monitored with MEMS, which may facilitate our understanding of the dose-response relationship. Objective compliance with atropine penalization decreases over time and varies with regimen. On average, subjective parental reporting of compliance is overestimated.  

Background: To date, compliance to atropine penalization in amblyopic children has only been assessed through self-report. The goal of this pilot study is to measure compliance to atropine penalization objectively.

Methods: Seven amblyopic children (3–8 years; 20/40–20/125 in the amblyopic eye) were enrolled. None had been treated with atropine previously. Children were prescribed either a twice per week or daily atropine regimen by their physicians. Compliance was defined as the percentage of days in which the atropine eye drop was taken compared to the number of doses prescribed. We used medication event monitoring system (MEMS) caps to objectively measure compliance. The MEMS caps are designed to electronically record the time and date when the bottle is opened. The parents of the children were provided a calendar log to subjectively report compliance. Participants were scheduled for return visits at 4 and 12 weeks. Weekly compliance was analyzed.

Results: At 4 weeks, objective compliance averaged 88% (range, 57–100%), while subjective compliance was 98% (range, 90–100%). The actual dose in grams and visual acuity (VA) response relationship (r=0.79, P=0.03) was signiff cantly better than the relationship between regimen and response (r=0.41, P>0.05), or the relationship between actual dose in drops and response (r=0.52, P>0.05).

Conclusions: Objective compliance to atropine penalization instructions can be monitored with MEMS, which may facilitate our understanding of the dose-response relationship. Objective compliance with atropine penalization decreases over time and varies with regimen. On average, subjective parental reporting of compliance is overestimated.