先天性白内障是严重影响婴幼儿视功能的疾病。随着白内障手术和人工晶体植入手术技术的发展，先天性白内障患者术后多可获得高质量的视觉康复。然而，如何更好防治手术相关的不良事件和并发症、先天性白内障伴随的其他眼部发育不良疾病的治疗以及形觉剥夺性弱视的治疗，仍然是先天性白内障手术后需要重视的临床问题。文章对先天性白内障摘除及人工晶体植入术后高眼压和继发性青光眼的发生、相关危险因素、治疗和预防的手段进行总结，以期进一步提高对先天性白内障术后高眼压和青光眼防治的认识，减少术后并发症对视功能造成的进一步损害。

Congenital cataract is a significant condition that profoundly impacts the visual function of infants and young children. Advancements in cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation have enabled the achievement of high-quality visual rehabilitation after congenital cataract surgery. Nevertheless, effective prevention and treatment of surgery-related adverse events and complications, as well as managing other ocular dysplasia and form deprivation amblyopia that may arise in conjunction with the surgery, continue to pose important clinical challenges following congenital cataract surgery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, risk factors, treatment and prevention of high intraocular pressure and secondary glaucoma after congenital cataract and intraocular lens implantation. Its aim is to enhance the comprehension of preventive and therapeutic measures for high intraocular pressure and glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery, thereby minimizing potential postoperative complications and preserving visual function.

剥脱综合征(exfoliation syndrome,XFS)以眼内异常纤维样物质沉积为特征，临床典型表现为裂隙灯下瞳孔缘和(或)晶状体前囊膜存在灰白色粉末状的剥脱物(exfoliation material,XFM)。XFM可阻塞小梁网引起剥脱性青光眼(exfoliaiton glaucoma,XFG)，并可通过房水循环进入血液，引起血管性损害。眼底病变视力损伤通常不可逆，XFM可进入眼底微血管及毛细血管，引起眼底结构和血管异常。基于光学相干断层成像技术的光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)及光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)以实时、非侵入性、高分辨率等优势，已广泛应用于眼底组织结构及血管病变检查。文章对XFS眼底病变在OCT和OCTA上的表现进行综述。

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) was characterized by the abnormal deposition of the fber-like material intraocularly, and manifested as white or gray, powdery exfoliation material (XFM) on the pupillary border and (or) anterior lens capsule under slit lamp microscopy. XFM could obstruct the trabecular meshwork and cause exfoliation glaucoma (XFG). In addition, XFM that entered aqueous humor circulation could enter bloodstream and result in vascular damage. XFM could enter ocular fundus microvascular and capillary vessels, causing abnormalities of fundus structures and vessels. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), which were based on optical coherence tomography technology, had the advantages of real-time, non-intrusive and high resolution, et al. OCT and OCTA were widely used in detection of fundus structural and vascular abnormalities. Tis study was to review the fundus lesion of XFS on OCT and OCTA.

青光眼是全球首位不可逆性致盲眼病，该疾病与进行性视网膜神经节细胞凋亡相关，大多数患者在视功能改变之前视盘结构已经发生改变，检测视盘R结构改变对于早期青光眼的诊断至关重要。近几年新视盘参数Bruch膜开口-最小盘沿宽度(Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width,BMO-MRW)在临床上应用越来越广泛，成为目前临床研究的一个热点参数。众所周知视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)具有很好的青光眼诊断能力，很多研究表明BMO-MRW与RNFL具有相似的诊断性能，并在近视性、异常视盘等一些视盘结构不清晰的青光眼中，BMO-MRW的诊断能力优于RNFL，该参数在监测青光眼病情变化方面也起到一定作用。也有研究表明该参数对青光眼术后随访的应用可能受到一定限制。该文对BMO-MRW在开角型青光眼的诊断及随访中的临床应用加以综述，供临床同道参考。

Glaucoma is the leading cause for irreversible blindness in the world, which is associated with progressive retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. The changes in optic disc structure have been found before visual function variation in many patients. Detecting changes in the structure of the optic disc R is crucial for the diagnosis of early glaucoma. Recently, a new optic disc parameter, Bruce's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) , has been increasingly widely used in clinical practice and become a popular parameter in current clinical research. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)is an important diagnostic indicator for glaucoma. Many studies indicated that BMO-MRW and RNFL have similar diagnostic performance. In some glaucoma cases with unclear optic disc structure, such as myopia and abnormal optic disc, BMO-MRW provides better diagnostic parameter than RNFL does. It also plays a role in monitoring the changes of glaucoma. Some studies also stated the limitation of the application of this parameter in glaucoma postoperative follow-up. This artice reviews the clinical application of BMO-MRW in diagnosis and follow-up of open-angle glaucoma,providing reference for clinical practicers.

超声睫状体成形术(ultrasound cyclo-plasty,UCP)，是一种新型的睫状体治疗手术，目前已应用于治疗不同类型的青光眼。UCP通过微型高强度聚焦超声(high-intensity focused ultrasounds,HIFU)设备，高度选择性作用于睫状体，实现温和可控、稳定的降眼压(intraocular pressure,IOP)效果。相较于传统的睫状体破坏手术，UCP具有操作简单、耗时短、可重复性高及安全性高的特点。该文从UCP的由来、结构特点、作用机制、疗效、特点及安全性对UCP治疗不同类型青光眼的研究进展进行综述。

Ultrasound cyclo-plasty (UCP) is a novel technique for ciliary body surgery, which has been applied to treat different types of glaucoma. UCP works on the cilary body highly and selectively with the micro high-intensity focused ultrasounds (HIFU) to achieve a mild, controllable, and stable intraocular pressure(IOP) effect. Compared with the traditional ciliary body destruction surgery, UCP is simple operation, efficiency, high repeatability, and high safety.This article reviews the research progress in the UCP treating various types of glaucoma, from its origin, structural characteristics, mechanism, efficacy, characteristics, and safety.

上皮内生是眼外伤或眼前节手术后罕见的严重并发症，可导致角膜内皮失代偿、继发性青光眼或其他不良结果。其中难治性青光眼是上皮内生后眼球摘除的主要原因，因此提高对本病的认识并严加防范至关重要。本文回顾分析1例上皮内生性青光眼患者的临床资料和病理切片，结合文献讨论本病的危险因素、发病机制及防范措施。

Epithelial downgrowth is a rare yet serious complication after ocular trauma or anteriorsegmental surgery. It can lead to decompensation of corneal endothelium, secondary glaucoma or other serious complications, among which refractory glaucoma is the main cause of enucleation. It is vital to raise the awareness of this disease and take strict precautions against it. We present a case of epithelial downgrowth and discuss the risk factors, pathogenesis and preventive measures of the disease through analyzing clinical data and pathological sections.

目的：比较重力液流与主控液流2种灌注方式下行白内障超声乳化手术对青光眼患者视盘血流的影响。方法：采用随机数字表法将患者分为2组，分别为重力液流灌注组和主控液流灌注组。记录术中超声乳化累积释放能量(cumulative dissipated energy，CDE)，术后1天、1周、1个月和3个月患者最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity，BCVA)、眼压、视盘血流密度及视网膜神经纤维层厚度。结果：主控液流灌注组术中CDE小于重力液流灌注组(5.6±1.3 vs 6.3±1.2，P=0.034)。术后1天重力液流灌注组视盘周围血管密度(circumpapillary vascular density，cpVD)、整个图像血管密度(whole en face image vessel density，wiVD)和视盘内血管密度(inside disc vascular density，inside disc VD)均高于主控液流灌注组(P<0.05)，其余时间点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后1周和1个月重力液流灌注组视网膜神经纤维层厚度大于主控液流灌注组(P<0.05)，术后1天和3个月未见明显差异。结论：相较于传统的重力液流灌注，主控灌注能够在青光眼患者白内障超声乳化手术中减少超声能量的使用，术后早期可减轻由术中高眼压引起的视盘炎症性充血，可以减轻对视网膜神经纤维层的影响。

Objective: To compare the influence of active versus passive phacoemulsification fluidics systems on optic disc blood flow in patients with glaucoma. Methods: Patients were divided into 2 groups by a random number table method, namely the active fluidics system group and the passive fluidics system group. The intraoperative cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) was recorded, and the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, optic disc blood flow density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were measured at the follow-up of 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. Results: During phacoemulsification, CDE in the active fluidics system group was lower than that in the passive fluidics system group (5.6±1.3 vs. 6.3±1.2, P=0.034). One day after the surgery,the circumpapillary vessel density (cpVD), whole image vessel density (wiVD) and inside disc vascular density(inside disc VD) in the passive fluidics system group were higher than those in the active fluidics system group(P<0.05), and the differences were not statistically significant at the rest of the follow-ups (P>0.05).The retinal nerve fiber layer in passive fluidics system group was thicker than that in active fluidics system group at the follow-ups of 1 week and 1 month (P<0.05), and the difference was not statistically significant at the follow-up ofs 1 day and 3 months. Conclusion: Compared with the traditional passive fluidics system, the active fluidics system can reduce the CDE during phacoemulsification surgery. It can reduce the inflammatory congestion of the optic disc caused by intraoperative high intraocular pressure on the early postoperative stage. In addition, it can also protect retinal nerve fiber layer.

青光眼是全世界范围内不容忽视的致盲性眼病，其起病隐匿，视功能损害进展迅速，晚期预后不理想。长期发展且未行治疗的青光眼患者视神经呈进行性损害，引起视力急剧下降、视野不可逆性缺损，严重降低患者的生活质量。为了适应逐渐恶化的视功能，患者注视行为发生明显变化，由此在日常活动中引起步态行为随之改变，意外事故频繁发生。故目前对于青光眼的研究引起国内外广泛重视，虚拟现实技术(virtual reality，VR)作为青光眼早期诊断及康复治疗的新手段已被现代医学所尝试。本文具体阐述了青光眼的视觉损害与注视行为及运动行为间的联系，并总结了目前国内外关于VR诊断青光眼及作为康复治疗的相关研究。

Glaucoma is a blinding eye disease that cannot be ignored worldwide. Its onset is insidious, visual impairment is progressing rapidly, and the late prognosis is not ideal. Long-term untreated glaucoma patients show progressive damage to the optic nerve, causing a sharp decline in vision, irreversible visual field defects, and severely reducing the quality of life of the patients. In order to adapt to the gradual deterioration of visual function, the patient’s gaze behavior changes significantly, which causes the gait behavior to change in daily activities, and accidents occur frequently. Therefore, the current research on glaucoma has attracted wide attention in the nation and abroad,and virtual reality (VR) technology has been tried in modern medicine as a new method for early diagnosis and rehabilitation of glaucoma. This article specifically elaborates the relationship between the visual impairment of glaucoma and the gaze behavior and movement behavior, and summarizes the current domestic and foreign research on the diagnosis of glaucoma and the rehabilitation of VR technology.

目的：了解儿童罹患青光眼的疾病类型、特点，更好地做到早期发现早期治疗。方法：收集北京同仁医院2014—2019年度834例0~18周岁住院接受抗青光眼手术的患者，回顾性分析患者的人群特点与疾病构成特点。结果：834例患者中，原发青光眼397例(47.6%)，继发青光眼429例(51.4%)。另有8例无法明确诊断青光眼类型。原发青光眼中以原发先天性青光眼最常见，继发青光眼中以白内障术后继发青光眼为主，两种类型的青光眼占总患者数的50%。结论：儿童罹患青光眼的疾病种类繁多，其中原发先天青光眼与白内障术后继发青光眼最常见，重视婴幼儿先天青光眼的筛查，监测儿童白内障术后眼压有助于早期发现青光眼，并给予治疗，延缓儿童青光眼患者视功能的损害。

Objective: To understand the types and characteristics of glaucoma in pediatric inpatients to achieve early detection and treatment. Methods: A total of 834 patients aged 0–18 years who underwent anti-glaucoma surgery in Beijing Tongren Hospital from 2014 to 2019 were collected and their population characteristics and disease composition characteristics were retrospectively analyzed. Results: In all of the 834 cases, there were 397 patients (47.6%) with primary glaucoma and 429 (51.4%) with secondary glaucoma. The type of glaucoma could not be definitively diagnosed in 8 cases. Primary infant glaucoma and secondary glaucoma following cataract surgery accounted for above 50%. Conclusion: The causes of pediatric inpatients with glaucoma are various. Screening of primary infant glaucoma should be taken seriously and monitoring intraocular pressure after cataract surgery is also important. Early detection and treatment can prevent further visual loss of pediatric patients with glaucoma.

目的：评估与原发性慢性青光眼患者生活质量最具相关性的视觉指标。方法：回顾性病例系列研究。收集2010年3月至2010年8月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院且符合入选及排除标准的原发性慢性闭角型青光眼和原发性开角型青光眼患者131例262只眼。采用Humphrey Field AnalyzerII 750i型视野分析仪对入选患者分别进行单眼Central 24-2程序和Esterman双眼视野检查程序(Esterman Binocular Visual Field Test，EBVFT)各两次检查，以保证所得数据的可靠性。使用LogMAR视力表检查并记录受试者日常单眼生活视力和日常双眼生活视力、非接触式眼压计测量眼压、直接眼底镜检查视神经的杯盘比。记录病史及目前所使用抗青光眼药物，角膜及晶状体状态。应用视功能相关生活质量量表-25(25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire，VFQ-25)对患者进行生活质量评估，并将双眼日常生活视力、较好眼生活视力、较差眼视野MD(mean defect)值、较好眼视野MD值、(Esterman Visual Field Test，EVFT)效用值和VFQ-25得分进行相关性分析。结果：共有131例受试者符合入选条件。在患者生存质量的统计中，自我评价视力、近距离活动、远距离活动、社会功能、依赖程度、色觉、视野这7项得分较好，即受试者完成该7项的能力较高。VFQ-25总分与EBVFT效用值成正相关(r=0.24998，P=0.004<0.05)，与双眼日常生活视力成负相关(r=?0.37778，P<0.0001)，与较差眼视野MD值成正相关(r=0.22917，P=0.0187<0.05)，与较好眼生活视力、较好眼视野、较差眼生活视力无明显相关关系。结论：原发性慢性青光眼患者双眼视觉(双眼视野和双眼日常生活视力)和VFQ-25有良好的相关性，可用于评估慢性青光眼患者的生活质量。

Objective: To assess the correlation between the Esterman binocular visual field (EBVF) and the visual function quality of life (VFQ) in primary chronic glaucoma patients. Methods: It is a retrospective case series study.One hundred and thirty-one patients, that is to say, two hundreds and sixty-two eyes, with primary chronic glaucoma satisfying the methodological criteria were recruited for this study, who were chosen from Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2010 to August 2010. The Humphrey Field Analyzer Model II 750i (Humphrey Instruments, Zeiss Company) was used to perform an Esterman binocular visual field test (EBVFT) and bilateral monocular full-threshold central visual field testing using the 24-2 SITA Standard program. Visual acuities were examined by logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) scale. Intraocular pressure and cup-disc ratio were also recorded. The history with glaucoma and anti-glaucoma drugs, and the state of the cornea and crystalline lens were also remarked. All interviews were administered face to face by the same experienced interviewer, by using the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). Agreement between the scores from these tests and the VFQ-25 was evaluated. Results: A total of 131 patients were recruited. In the statistics of the quality of life, seven domain scores of the VFQ-25 (self-assessment vision, color vision, near action, distant action, social function, mental health and peripheral vision) were better than the others, which meant the ability of completing the seven domain was higher. Substantial agreement was found between the composite score of the VFQ-25 and the Esterman test (r=0.24998, P=0.004<0.05), strong negative correlation was found between the composite score of the VFQ-25 and the binocular visual acuity of daily life (r=?0.37778, P<0.0001), and positive correlation was found between the composite score of the VFQ-25 and the MD of the worse eye (r=0.22917, P=0.0187<0.05).Conclusion: In this sample of clinic-based patients with primary chronic glaucoma, the efficiency score of the binocular visual field tests correlated well with the composite score of the VFQ-25. Binocular visual function can be well used in evaluating the quality of life of the glaucoma patients.

目的：探讨正常眼压性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma，NTG)患者睡眠体位与其双眼不对称损害的关系。方法：纳入2014年1月至2018年9月在温州青光眼进展研究(Wenzhou Glaucoma Progression Study，WGPS)项目中的NTG患者。眼部主要检查有视野和光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography，OCT)。睡眠体位数据通过基线睡眠体位问卷获得。根据侧卧位睡眠偏好，将NTG患者眼部参数分为卧位高侧眼和卧位低侧眼进行讨论；根据双眼不对称损害，将患者眼部参数分为较好眼和较差眼讨论。双眼不对称损害定义为双眼视野平均偏差(mean deviation，MD)差值>6 dB或杯盘比差值>0.2。结果：共纳入158例NTG患者，最长随访时间为48个月，其中122例(77.22%)患者存在睡眠偏好；存在睡眠偏好的患者中，83例(68.03%)患者存在侧卧位偏好；存在侧卧位偏好的患者中，大多数患者偏好右侧卧位[右vs左：59 (71.1%) vs 24 (28.9%)，P<0.001]。对存在侧卧位偏好的患者进行分析，发现卧位高侧眼与卧位低侧眼眼部参数之间，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；卧位低侧眼的视野进展速率[视野指数(visual field index，VFI)、MD]慢于卧位高侧眼(0.48%±1.66%/年 vs ?0.45%±3.07%/年；0.54±0.96 dB/年 vs 0.2±1.15 dB/年)，差异无统计学意义(P=0.086，P=0.308)。对同时存在侧卧位偏好及双眼不对称损害的患者进行分析，发现卧位高侧眼与卧位低侧眼的眼部参数之间，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；卧位低侧较好眼的个数及占比高于卧位低侧较坏眼[23 (57.5%) vs 17(42.5%)]，但差异无统计学意义(P=0.132)；卧位低侧眼的视野进展速率(VFI、MD)也慢于卧位高侧眼(1.19%±1.65%/年 vs ?0.86%±3.65%/年；0.71±1.13 dB/年 vs0.13 dB/年)，但差异无统计学意义(P=0.064，P=0.419)。结论：存在睡眠体位偏好的NTG患者中，约68%存在侧卧位偏好；存在侧卧位偏好的患者中，约70%偏好右侧卧位。但本研究并未发现睡眠体位与青光眼患者双眼不对称损害及其疾病进展存在相关性。

Objective: To investigate the association between lateral decubitus position (LDP) and asymmetric loss in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. Methods: NTG patients were enrolled from Wenzhou Glaucoma Progression Study (WGPS) in Jan. 2014 to Sep. 2018. The main eye examinations included visual field test and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A questionnaire to determine the preferred sleeping position was administered to each patient in the baseline. According to the LDP, the eye parameters were divided into non-dependent eyes(higher lateral eyes) and dependent eyes (lower lateral position eyes) for discussion. According to the asymmetric damage, the ocular parameters of the patients were divided into the better eyes and the worse eyes for analysis.Asymmetric loss was defined as a difference in mean deviation (MD) between the 2 eyes of at least 6 dB or disc/cup >0.2. Results: One hundred and twenty-two patients (77.22%) had sleep preferences among the 158 NTG patients who was finally recruited and the longest follow up time was 48 months. Among the patients with sleep preference, 83 patients (68.03%) preferred the lateral decubitus position. Patients who had the lateral decubitus position mostly preferred the right lateral position [59 (71.1%) vs 24 (28.9%), P<0.001]. For patients who had the lateral decubitus position, the ocular parameters between the dependent eyes and the non-dependent eyes had no statistical difference(P>0.05); the rate of visual field progression in the dependent eyes was slower than that in non-dependent eyes, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (0.48%±1.66%/year vs ?0.45%±3.07%/year; 0.54±0.96 dB/year vs 0.2±1.15 dB/year; P=0.086, P=0.308, respectively). For patients who had the lateral decubitus position and asymmetric damage, the ocular parameters between the dependent eyes and the non-dependent eyes had also no statistical difference (P>0.05); the number and ratio of the dependent-better eye and the dependent-worse eye were 48 and 41, respectively [23 (57.5%) vs 17 (42.5%), P=0.132]; the rate of visual field progression in the dependent eyes was also lower than that in non-dependent eyes, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (1.19%±1.65%/year vs ?0.86%±3.65%/year; 0.71±1.13 dB/year vs 0.13 dB/year; P=0.064, P=0.419 respectively). Conclusion: About 68% of NTG patients with sleep preferences preferred the lateral decubitus position; and about 70% of patients with the lateral decubitus position preferred the right side sleeping. However, this study did not find a correlation between lateral decubitus position and asymmetric visual field loss.