Purpose: The surgical risk and complication rate after cataract surgery are extremely high in patients with nanophthalmos. This study is designed to compare the visual and refractive outcomes before and after coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification and evaluate postoperative complications．

Methods: Fifty nine patients (89 eyes) with axial length (AL)＜21 mm diagnosed with nanophthalmos were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. The main outcome measures included anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Wilcoxon signed rank test or Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed for statistical tests as appropriate．

Results: The median AL was 19．63 mm. Sixty-six eyes (74.16％) had a history of surgical intervention. Postoperative ACD, ACV and ACA were increased significantly (all P＜0.001), whereas postoperative IOP was decreased significantly. (P＜ 0.001) after surgery. Previous surgical intervention was related to a reduction in the postoperative ACD and ACA (P＜0.01), and both preoperative and postoperative IOP (P＜0.001). Postoperative BCVA was improved in 94．38％ of the cases. Intraoperative complications mainly included iridoschisis (6 eyes, 6.74％). Early postoperative complications included temporary corneal edema (TCE) (23 eyes, 25.84％), anterior inflammatory response (AIR) (19 eyes, 21.35％), cystoid macular edema (CME) (14 eyes, 15.73％), and uveal effusion (4 eyes, 4.49％). Late postoperative complications included CME (8 eyes, 8.99％),  uveal effusion (8 eyes, 8.99％), malignant glaucoma (2 eyes, 2.25％) and posterior capsular opacification (PCO)(10 eyes, 11.24％). The majority of complications (80％) were successfully resolved by pharmacotherapy or operation. The risk of surgical complications was greater in patients with lower AL, ACD, ACV or ACA and higher nuclear hardness or mean keratometry (Km).

Conclusion: With reasonable preoperative management, prudent selection of the lens, rigorous surgical technique and unerring cognition of potential complications, coaxial microincision phacoemulsification lens surgery can be performed in patients with nanophthalmos and yield favorable outcomes and a low incidence of complications.

Purpose: The surgical risk and complication rate after cataract surgery are extremely high in patients with nanophthalmos. This study is designed to compare the visual and refractive outcomes before and after coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification and evaluate postoperative complications．

Methods: Fifty nine patients (89 eyes) with axial length (AL)＜21 mm diagnosed with nanophthalmos were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. The main outcome measures included anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Wilcoxon signed rank test or Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed for statistical tests as appropriate．

Results: The median AL was 19．63 mm. Sixty-six eyes (74.16％) had a history of surgical intervention. Postoperative ACD, ACV and ACA were increased significantly (all P＜0.001), whereas postoperative IOP was decreased significantly. (P＜ 0.001) after surgery. Previous surgical intervention was related to a reduction in the postoperative ACD and ACA (P＜0.01), and both preoperative and postoperative IOP (P＜0.001). Postoperative BCVA was improved in 94．38％ of the cases. Intraoperative complications mainly included iridoschisis (6 eyes, 6.74％). Early postoperative complications included temporary corneal edema (TCE) (23 eyes, 25.84％), anterior inflammatory response (AIR) (19 eyes, 21.35％), cystoid macular edema (CME) (14 eyes, 15.73％), and uveal effusion (4 eyes, 4.49％). Late postoperative complications included CME (8 eyes, 8.99％),  uveal effusion (8 eyes, 8.99％), malignant glaucoma (2 eyes, 2.25％) and posterior capsular opacification (PCO)(10 eyes, 11.24％). The majority of complications (80％) were successfully resolved by pharmacotherapy or operation. The risk of surgical complications was greater in patients with lower AL, ACD, ACV or ACA and higher nuclear hardness or mean keratometry (Km).

Conclusion: With reasonable preoperative management, prudent selection of the lens, rigorous surgical technique and unerring cognition of potential complications, coaxial microincision phacoemulsification lens surgery can be performed in patients with nanophthalmos and yield favorable outcomes and a low incidence of complications.

目的:探讨羊膜移植联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植术治疗复发性翼状胬肉的效果及其影响因素。

方法:对复发的翼状胬肉患者行胬肉切除+羊膜移植+自体角膜缘干细胞移植术，观察术后植片情况、角膜创面愈合时间、取材区愈合情况和患者症状；随诊观察术后复发率。

结果:28 例(32 只眼)复发翼状胬肉患者行胬肉切除+羊膜移植+自体角膜缘干细胞移植，随诊6~12个月，平均7.6个月，角膜创面上皮愈合时间为3~7d，平均(4.4+1.5)d；最后复诊时 28例(32 只眼)患者中4只眼复发,复发率为12.5%；所有患者取材区实现上皮化愈合。

结论:翼状胬肉切除联合羊膜移植和自体角膜缘干细胞移植能有效地减少复发性翼状胬肉的术后复发；对角膜缘受累范围大的患者应注意医源性角膜缘干细胞损害的风险。

Object: To evaluate the effect of amniotic membrane transplantation and limbal auto-graft transplantation for recurrent pterygium.

Methods: Patients with recurrent pterygium underwent pterygia excision with amnioticmembrane transplantation and limbal auto-graft transplantation. The condition of grafts .the coral surface and the recurrent rate were observed.

Resuls :Twenty-eight patients (32 eyes ) with recurrent pterygium underwent pterygiaexcision with amniotic membrane transplantation and limbal auto-graft transplantation.The mean time of corneal epithelial healing was 4.4 + 1. Sdays. The recurrent rate was12.5% with the mean follow-up of 7. 6 months.

Conclusion: Amniotic membrane transplantation and limbal auto-graft transplantationcan reduce the recurrence in patients with recurrent pterygium. The decompensation ofthe limbal stem cells should be considered to the severe patients. 

目的：探讨胬肉切除联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植治疗翼状胬肉的远期效果。

方法：2003年12月－2008年12月在我院就诊的原发性翼状胬肉患者55例57眼，均采用胬肉切除联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植治疗，术后随访2～8年，平均5.3年。观察创面愈合情况、治疗效果和并发症情况。

结果：术后早期患者均有不同程度的充血、水肿和异物感，3～5d 后症状逐渐减轻，一周左右完全消失。角膜创面完全上皮化时间为4～7d，平均4.83d。术后有持续性眼表刺激症状者7例，术后残留纤维组织者1例，角膜浅层瘢痕者4例。术后随访2～8年，平均5.3年，复发8例8眼 (复发率13.11％)。术后1年时复查OSDI 评分，所有患者较术前评分均有不同程度的降低，与术前相比，两组评分和构成比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。术后5年时复查OSDI评分较1年前稍有降低，但差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05)。术后1、5年时泪液基础分泌[(12.95±4.03) mm，(12.68±4.77) mm]和泪膜破裂时间 [(10.55±4.13)s, (10.03±4.64) s] 较术前[(9.48±3.34)mm，(8.14±3.57)s] 明显改善，差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。

结论：应用胬肉切除联合自体角膜缘干细胞移植治疗翼状胬肉，术后早期症状轻、消失快，远期复发少，效果良好。

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of pterygium excision combined with autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of pterygium．

Methods: Fifty five patients (57 eyes) diagnosed with primary pterygium undergoing pterygium excision combined with autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation between December 2003 and December 2008 were enrolled in this study. Postoperative follow-up endured for 2-8 years, 5.3 years on average. The wound healing, clinical efficacy and postoperative complications were observed．

Results: During early stage after surgery, all patients presented with varying degree of hyperemia, edema and sense of foreign body, which were gradually mitigated 3-5 d later and completely recovered in approximately 1 week. The corneal wound was completely epithelized within 4-7 d, 4.83 d on average. Seven patients had persistent ocular surface irritation symptoms after surgery, one case had residual fibrous tissues and four patients developed superficial corneal scars. Postoperative follow-up endured for 2-8 years, 5.3 years on average. Eight patients (8 eyes) recurred with a recurrence rate of 13.11％. In all patients,  postoperative OSDI score was significantly decreased at 1-year reexamination. OSDI score and constitution ratio significantly differed between two groups (both P＜0.05)．At postoperative 5 years, OSDI score was slightly lower compared with that in last year with no statistical significance(P＞0.05)．At post operative 1- and 5-year, basic tear secretion was (12.95 ±4.03) mm and (12.68 ±4.77) mm, tear film break-up time was (10.55±4.13)s and (10.03±4.64)s. Both indexes were significantly improved compared with (9.48±3.34) mm and (8.14±3.57)s before surgery (all P＜0.05)．

Conclusion: Pterygium excision combined with autologous corneal limbal stem cell transplantation is an efficacious treatment of pterygium with mild postoperative symptoms, rapid recovery, low long-term recurrence rate and high efficacy． 

目的：探讨非超声乳化白内障手术两种不同的娩核方式对角膜内皮细胞数量和形态的影响，以及对术后视力恢复情况的影响。

方法：选择在本院手术治疗的40例白内障患者娩核方式分为直接娩出组和半娩出组，并根据 Emery－ little晶状体核硬度分级标准分为软核和硬核，手术方式为白内障非超声乳化手术，术后第3天用角膜内皮镜检查并记录角膜内皮细胞数量和形态。术后随访3个月，比较并观察4组患者术前和术后角膜内皮细胞丢失率、形态变化和视力恢复情况。

结果：术前和术后3个月角膜内皮细胞丢失率比较，硬核直接娩出组与另外三组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)，而软核直接娩出组、硬核半娩出组与软核半娩出组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。术前和术后第二天视力比较硬核半娩出组和软核直接娩出组之间无统计学意义(P＝0.49)，软核半娩出组与这两组比较有统计学意义(P＝0.030)，硬核直接娩出组与这两组之间比较也有统计学意义(P＝0.14)，术后三个月视力比较4组之间均无统计学意义(P＝0.067)。术后 3 个月角膜内皮细胞形态变化不明显。

结论：白内障非超声乳化手术时，硬核直接娩核法对角膜内皮细胞损伤最大，软核半娩核法对角膜内皮损伤最小。若内皮细胞损伤较轻，对手术3个月后视力和角膜内皮细胞形态无明显影响。 

Purpose: To investigate the effect of non-phacoemulsification cataract operation in two different patterns of nucleus delivery on the quantity and morphology of corneal endothelial cells and postoperative visual acuity．

Methods: Forty patients diagnosed with cataract underwent cataract surgery and were assigned into the direct nuclear delivery and semi-nuclear delivery groups. Lens density was measured and divided into the hard and soft lenses according to Emery-little lens nucleus grading system. Non-phacoemulsification cataract operation was performed. At 3 d after surgery, the quantity and morphology of corneal endothelium were counted and observed under corneal endothelial microscope. During 3-month postoperative follow-up, the endothelial cell loss rate, morphological changes and visual acuity were compared among four groups．

Results: Corneal endothelial cell loss rate in the direct delivery of hard nucleus group significantly differed from those in the other three groups before and 3 months after operation (P＜0.01),  whereas no statistical significance was found among the direct delivery of soft nucleus,  semi-delivery of hard nucleus and semi-delivery soft nucleus groups (all P＞0.05).  Preoperative and postoperative 2-d visual acuity did not differ between the semi-delivery of hard nucleus and direct delivery of soft nucleus groups (P＝0.49)，significantly differed from those in the semi-delivery of soft nucleus (P＝0.03) and direct delivery of hard nucleus groups (P＝0.14). Visual acuity at postoperative four months did not differ among four groups (P＝0.067). 
Conclusion: During non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery, direct delivery of hard nucleus caused severe injury to corneal endothelium and semi-delivery of soft nucleus yielded mild corneal endothelial injury. Slight corneal endothelial injury exerted no apparent effect upon visual acuity and corneal endothelial morphology at three months after surgery．

      调节是人眼非常重要的功能，通过调节能随时改变人眼屈光系统的光学参数，与眼屈光不正及老视都有着密切的关系。测量眼调节力的常用方法分为主观测量法和客观测量法。主观测量法以移近移远法、负镜片法为代表。客观测量法以动态视网膜检影法和自动屈光仪法为代表。本文就调节力测量方法、测量准确度和调节力的最新研究进展进行综述，为眼科临床研究和应用提供选择依据。

Accommodation is an important function of the human eye, which can change the parameters of ocular refractive system and also has a strong correlation with the development of myopia and presbyopia. Several subjective measurements have been applied in accommodation assessment such as push-up test, push-down test and minus-lens procedures. It can be measured objectively by measuring the change in refraction of the eye with dynamic retinoscopy or autorefractor. This article reviews the application of measurement of accommodative amplitude and research progress in accommodation, providing clinical information for further studies．

目的：探讨老年性糖尿病性白内障患者治疗及延续护理的措施。

方法：对2014年1月～2014年12月142例老年性糖尿病性白内障患者随机平均分为A组和B组，A组接受常规的出院指导；B组接受常规的出院指导及加强延续护理，根据老年性糖尿病性白内障患者 的具体情况制定护理措施 (眼部的护理、用药指导、饮食护理、心理护理、自我监测指导、定期随访及复查等内容)，并进行跟踪处理。

结果：实施延续护理一年后的患者，体重、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖与未实施延续护理的患者相比，差异有显著意义 (P＜0.05)。

结论：护士对老年性糖尿病性白内障患者及家属进行用眼和糖尿病相关的知识宣教、针对性的心理护理、药物治疗护理及日常生活指导等，老年性糖尿病性白内障患者的遵医率提高，减少了因疾病而对生活工作的影响，生活质量有不同程度的提高。

Purpose: To explore the treatment and continuing nursing of patients diagnosed with senile and diabetic cataract．

Methods: In total, 142 patients diagnosed with senile and diabetic cataract admitted to Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from January to December 2014 were randomly assigned into groups A and B. In group A, patients received conventional instruction after discharge, and those in group B additionally received continuing nursing care after discharge including ocular nursing, use of anti-diabetic drugs, psychological nursing,  diet nursing, self-monitoring guidance,  re-examination and regular follow-up according to the patients’ conditions．

Results: After one year of continuing nursing care, visual acuity of patients in group B was increased without complications. Body mass index, the fasting and 2h postprandial plasma glucose,  and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were decreased significantly compared with those in group A (all P＜0．05)．

Conclusion: Continuing nursing care, including knowledge education related to ocular use and diabetes mellitus, targeted psychological nursing,  medication nursing and daily life guidance,  play a pivotal role in enhancing the compliance rate of the patients,  reducing the influence upon work and life and enhancing the quality of life to varying extent．

     总结20例高度近视固定性内斜视的护理经验。认为术前做好心理护理及自我护理管理教育；术后做好眼部的观察和护理，密切观察眼部症状，及时处理并发症，详细做好出院宣教及电话回访，是保证治疗效果，预防并发症，提高患者生活质量的关键。

To summarize the nursing experience of 20 cases of high myopia complicated with fixed esotropia. Before surgery, psychological nursing and self-care education were necessary. After the operation, ocular symptoms and complications should be closely observed and treatment in a timely manner. Explicit instructions after discharge and telephone follow-up played a pivotal role in improving clinical efficacy, preventing complications and enhancing patients' quality of life． 

目的：总结了日间病房收治 8 例板层角膜移植手术的管理及其效果。

方法：回顾分析8例日间病房模式下行角膜移植手术患者的工作流程和病历资料。

结果：8例患者术后恢复理想，其中1例真菌性角膜溃疡的患者术后2个月感染复发行常规住院治疗。

结论：板层角膜移植日间病房模式的管理重点包括详细制定并不断完善工作流程，对患者入选条件、术前后护理、出院后随访这些关键环节进行质控，并简化护理文书、加强心理护理和医护合作，提高工作效率。

Purpose：The management and efficacy of lamellar keratoplasty of 8 patients in day-care unit were summarized．

Methods：The work flow and medical record of 8 cases undergoing corneal transplantation in day-care unit were retrospectively analyzed．

Results：Eight patients were fully recovered．One case with fungal keratohelcosis was re-infected at postoperative 2 months and hospitalized．

Conclusion：During lamellar keratoplasty in day-care unit, the work flow should be explicitly established and modified. The quality of patient selection, preoperative and postoperative nursing, follow-up after discharge should be carefully assured．In addition, nursing paperwork should be simplified, psychological nursing should be strengthened, and doctors and nurses should cooperate closely to enhance work efficiency． 

目的：探讨人文关怀护理对提高眼科专科病房护理质量及病人满意度的效果。

方法：建立人文关怀护理模式，优化环境，细化工作流程，注重护士人文关怀技能的培养，应用多元化的宣教工具，实施全程、连续、无缝隙的责任制护理。

结果：人文关怀护理措施落实，护士沟通能力提高，转变过去的被动服务为主动服务，护理的质量及患者满意度明显提高，零差错，零投诉，患者满意度为99％。

结论：将人文关怀护理体现在临床护理工作中才能给患者提供高品质的护理。

Purpose：To discuss the role of humanistic nursing care in improving the nursing quality and patients' degree of satisfaction in ophthalmic ward．

Methods：A mode of humanistic nursing care was established，hospital environment was improved and work flow was arranged in details．Nurses received professional training of humanistic care skills．By using multiple educational approaches，nursing care with responsibility system can be delivered in a continuous and seamless manner．

Results：The measures of humanistic nursing care were fully implemented．The nurses'  communication ability was improved and the nurses worked more actively. The quality of nursing and patients'  degree of satisfaction (99％) were equally significantly improved．No mistake occurred and no complaint was received from the patients．

Conclusion：Proper application of humanistic care in clinical nursing provides high-quality nursing for patients．

目的：总结了角膜胶原交联术治疗圆锥角膜的护理及其效果。

方法：回顾分析30例（31眼）角膜胶原交联术患者术前术后护理记录及病历资料。

结果：30 例（31眼）患者病情得到控制，术后恢复理想，术后一个月复查视力都有提高。

结论：角膜胶原交联术护理重点在于术前协助患者完善各项检查、相关健康知识宣教及有效的心理护理，术后严密观察病情变化、减轻病人痛苦、预防感染及促进角膜上皮修复治疗。

Purpose：To summarize the nursing experience and clinical efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking in treating keratoconus．

Methods：Preoperative and postoperative nursing and medical record of 30 patients (31 eyes) undergoing corneal collagen cross-linking were retrospectively analyzed．

Results：The the severity of diseases in all 30 patients (31 eyes) was properly controlled．All cases were fully recovered．The visual acuity at postoperative one month was improved in all cases．

Conclusion：assistance in terms of preoperative examination，education of health knowledge and effective psychological nursing play a pivatol role in the nursing before and after corneal collagen cross-linking．Following surgery，postoperative changes in the the severity of diseases should be strictly observed. Much attention should be diverted to ease patients' pain，prevent infection and accelerate the healing of corneal epithelium．