糖尿病视网膜病变是最为常见的糖尿病微血管并发症，主要由糖尿病引起的机体代谢紊乱导致。而然在临床工作中发现，部分患者通过单纯控制血糖以延缓糖尿病视网膜病变进展，所取得效果不甚理想，一些其他因素对于糖尿病视网膜病变的发生、发展，也起到不可忽视的作用。研究表明，在并发高脂血症的糖尿病视网膜病变患者中，胆固醇代谢异常是诱发视网膜病变的主要原因之一。胆固醇代谢异常通过减弱肝脏X受体，导致胆固醇在视网膜上不断积累，降低视网膜血管内皮功能，从而造成视网膜缺血、缺氧环境的形成，又可通过增加炎症因子和细胞黏附分子-1的表达，使原本病态的糖尿病视网膜血管变得更加脆弱，该文总结了糖尿病视网膜病变的病理因素，对比分析当前糖尿病视网膜病变的主要治疗手段，通过分析胆固醇逆向转运(cholesterol reverse transport,RCT)途径转运对糖尿病视网膜病变发生、发展的影响，发现降低高血脂可提高糖尿病视网膜病变的治愈率，这将为糖尿病视网膜病变的临床防治工作提供新思路。

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic microvascular complication, which is mainly caused by metabolic disorders caused by diabetes. However, in clinical work, it is found that some patients do not achieve satisfactory results in delaying the progress of diabetic retinopathy by simply controlling blood sugar, and some other factors contribute to the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy. Also played a role that can not be ignored. Studies have shown that abnormal cholesterol metabolism is one of the main causes of retinopathy in diabetic retinopathy patients with hyperlipidemia. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in the retina and the decrease of retinal vascular endothelial function by weakening the X receptor in the liver, resulting in the formation of retinal ischemia and hypoxia environment. it can also increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecule-1 to make the originally morbid retinal vessels more fragile. This paper summarizes the pathological factors of diabetic retinopathy. By comparing and analyzing the main treatment methods of diabetic retinopathy at present, and by analyzing the influence of cholesterol reverse transport (cholesterolreversetransport,RCT) pathway on the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy, it is found that reducing hyperlipidemia can improve the cure rate of diabetic retinopathy, which will provide new ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

视网膜静脉阻塞（retinal vein occlusion, RVO）是导致视力损害的主要眼底疾病之一，常引发视网膜缺血、出血、液体渗漏和黄斑水肿，从而导致视力下降甚至永久丧失。目前，RVO继发黄斑水肿的主要治疗方法是玻璃体腔内注射抗血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）药物。然而，RVO的病理机制不仅限于VEGF，还涉及血管生成素-2（angiopoietin-2, Ang-2）的作用。在病理状态下，Ang-2通过破坏血管稳定性，诱导新生血管形成，并加剧炎症反应，进一步促进RVO的病程进展。法瑞西单抗（Faricimab）作为一种双特异性抗体药物，能够同时抑制VEGF-A和Ang-2这两条关键的病理通路，显示出在改善患者视力方面的潜在优势。文章对Faricimab在RVO治疗中的作用机制、临床应用、相关治疗药物对比及未来发展前景进行了详细论述，为其在眼科领域的进一步应用提供了理论依据和参考。

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the leading retinal diseases causing vision impairment and is often associated with retinal ischemia, hemorrhage, fluid leakage, and macular edema, ultimately resulting in decreased vision or even permanent vision loss. Currently, the primary treatment for RVO-associated macular edema is intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. However, the pathological mechanisms of RVO are not limited to VEGF alone, but also involve angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). Under pathological conditions, Ang-2 disrupts vascular stability, induces neovascularization, and exacerbates inflammatory responses, thereby accelerating the progression of RVO. Faricimab, as a bispecific antibody, can simultaneously inhibit both VEGF-A and Ang-2 pathways, which are critical in RVO pathogenesis, and has shown potential advantages in improving visual outcomes. The article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanism of action, clinical applications, comparison with related therapeutic agents, and future development prospects of Faricimab in the treatment of RVO, offering a theoretical basis and reference for its further application in ophthalmology.

近年来，眼部电流刺激(electrical stimulation,ES)在不同方向的研究中逐渐揭示了其在多种视网膜疾病中的潜在治疗价值。其中，经角膜电刺激(transcorneal electrical stimulation,TES)作为一种非侵入性的治疗方法，能对视网膜、视神经、眼底血管及其相关结构产生积极的影响。TES能够改善视力，在保护感光细胞和减缓疾病进展方面显示出积极效果，提高患者的生存质量，还能够在不损伤眼球的情况下调节大脑中的神经元活动，为视网膜疾病的治疗提供一种新的选择。该文对近年来TES在视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)、视网膜血管病、青光眼以及视神经病变等疾病中的应用研究进行了综述。研究发现，TES治疗是一种安全且无需手术的辅助治疗工具，具有广泛的应用前景。该文旨在为临床医师提供一个全面的TES研究概述，并深入探讨其在眼科学领域的潜在应用价值。然而，TES治疗的具体机制仍需进一步探讨，以便更好地应用于临床实践。同时，未来研究还应关注TES与其他治疗方法相结合的效果，以期为患者提供更多有效的治疗选择。

In recent years, electrical stimulation of the eye (ES) has gradually revealed its potential therapeutic value in a variety of retinal diseasesin different directions. Among them, transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES), as a non-invasive treatment, can have a positive effect on the retina, optic nerve, fundus vessels and related structures. TES can improve vision, show positive effects in protecting photoreceptor cells and slowing disease progression, improve the quality of life of patients, and can regulate neuronal activity in the brain without damaging the eyeball, providing a new option for the treatment of retinal diseases. The research on the application on TES on retinitis pigementosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal angiopathy, glaucoma and optic neuropathy are reviewed in this article. It is found in the study that TES therapy is a safe and surgery-free adjuvant therapy tool, and has a wide application prospect. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of TES research,and to explore its potential application value in the field of ophthalmology. However, the specific mechanism of TES therapy still needs to be further explored in order to better apply in clinical practice. At the same time, future studies should also focus on the effect of combining TES with other treatment methods, in order to provide more effective treatment options for patients.

糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病引起的微血管病变之一，是不可逆性致盲的眼病。根据其病程可分为根据其病程可分为非增殖期和增殖期，其中还包括糖尿病性黄斑水肿。全科医师需要检测量裸眼视力、矫正视力和眼压，通过裂隙灯显微镜评估眼前节以及眼底检查来评估眼部整体情况。控制血糖、血压、血脂对改善预后很重要。需要重视餐前、餐后血糖，糖化血红蛋白和代谢记忆，一线降血压药物包括血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂，调脂药物首选他汀类，而非诺贝特有额外的视网膜保护作用。干预生活方式，宣教，早期发现也同样重要。全科医师需要进行眼底筛查和评分，及时转诊至眼科治疗。眼科治疗包括全视网膜激光光凝术、经平坦部玻璃体切除术、玻璃体抗血管内皮生长因子药物注射术。

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the microvascular diseases caused by diabetes, it is an irreversible blindness eye disease. According to its course, it can be divided into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, including diabetic macular edema. Te general practitioner needs to measure the uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity intraocular pressure, use the slit lamp microscope to exam the anterior segment and fundus to evaluate the overall condition of the eye. Controlling blood glucose, blood pressure and blood lipid is very important to improve the prognosis. Attach importance to pre- and postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and metabolic memory should be carried out. The first-line antihypertensive drugs are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Statins are the first choice for lipid-lowering drugs, fenofibrate has additional protective efect of retinal. Intervention in lifestyle, education and early detection are is important. Te general practitioner needs to perform fundus screening and scoring, timely refer to ophthalmology department for treatment. Ophthalmic treatment includes panretinal laser photocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, and intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.

目的：通过计算机体层扫描（computed tomography，CT）平扫和三维重建等利用图像后处理系统软件，评估视网膜母细胞瘤（Retinoblastoma，RB）病灶的钙化水平，并探究其与患者性别、眼别、年龄及影像学分期之间的相关性。方法：选取2022年5月—2024年12月经我院眼眶病与眼肿瘤科手术病理证实及临床确诊的108例RB患者127眼进行分析。应用CT重建和工作站分割技术对眼球、肿瘤、钙化进行分割和采用容积定量分析方法，运用R语言进行统计学处理，比较不同性别（男/女）、眼别（左/右）、年龄分层及影像学分期间的钙化最高CT值、肿瘤钙化容积(calcified regional volume，CRV)、肿瘤容积(tumor volume，TV)、患侧容积(eyeball volume，EV)、CRV/EV、TV/EV、CRV/TV比值的差异。结果：不同性别组其EV比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；不同年龄组RB其CRV、EV、CRV/EV比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；影像分期（眼内期、青光眼期、眼外期组）和晶状体位置变化（位置改变、形态位置密度改变、无变化组）的CRV 、TV、CRV/EV、TV/EV差异均有统计学意义（P< 0.05）。结论：RB患者的钙化沉积水平随着病程推进，在眼球内期、青光眼期至眼外期的不同阶段呈现逐级升高的态势。晶状体位置变化随病情进展、RB患者钙化程度逐渐增加。

Objective: To evaluate the calcification level of retinoblastoma (RB) lesions using image post-processing system software, such as that for computed tomography (CT) noncontrast scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction. Additionally, this study aimed to explore the relationship between retinoblastoma (RB) and patient gender (male/female) , as well as the correlation among ocular (left/right), age, and radiographic stage (e.g., international intraocular RB stage).  Methods: The study enrolled 108 patients (127 eyes) with tumors confirmed by both surgical pathology and clinical diagnosis. These patients received treatment at the Orbital Disease and Ocular Oncology Department of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (ZOC, SYSU) from May 2022 to December 2024. CT reconstruction and workstation segmentation techniques were used to delineate the eyeball, tumour, and calcification. A quantitative volumetric analysis method was applied, and statistical processing was conducted using R language (version 4.2.1). Comparisions were made across different genders (male/female), eye segmentation (left/right), age stratifications, and imaging stages. The t-test was applied to analyze the highest CT value, calcified regional volume (CRV), tumor volume (TV), eyeball volume (EV), CRV/EV ratio, TV/EV ratio, and CRV/TV ratio in these tumor patients. Results: There was no significant differences in CT value, CRV, TV,  CRV/EV ratio, TV/EV ratio, and CRV/TV ratio among patients with different eye sides, genders and age groups (P>0.05). Only EV showed statistical significant across different age groups. Statistically significant changes were observed in CRV, TV, CRV/EV ratio, TV/EV ratio , and CRV/TV ratio with respect to both intraocular stage (including intraocular stage, glaucoma stage, extraocular stage) and lens position changes (inculding position changes, morphological position density changes, no change groups) (P< 0.05), No other statistically significant differences were found (P>0.05). Conclusions: In this group of tumor patients, the level of calcification deposition gradually increased as the disease progressed through the intraocular stage, glaucoma stage, and extraocular stage. Lens positional changes were associated with a gradual increase in the degree of calcification in patients with retinoblastoma (RB) as the disease advanced.

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（central serous chorioretinopathy，CSC）是一种以脉络膜增厚、血管通透性增加为特征的脉络膜谱系疾病，所以对脉络膜的观察对于CSC的监测和治疗非常重要。随着光学相干断层扫描成像（optical coherence tomography，OCT）的发展，对脉络膜的认识有了显著提升，也让我们更深刻地理解了它在眼后段疾病中的重要作用，提高了对各种脉络膜视网膜疾病的诊断能力。近年来，随着扫频源光学相干断层扫描（swept source optical coherence tomography，SS - OCT）及扫频源光学相干断层扫描血流成像（swept source optical coherence tomography angiography，SS - OCTA）的发展，其扫描波长、深度、广度及扫描速度均显著提升，实现了对脉络膜结构的无创定量化评估，推进了对CSC等脉络膜谱系疾病的病理机制的认识和临床管理。文章就近年SS-OCT及SS-OCTA在 CSC 中的应用及研究进展进行总结。主要进展有：发现CSC脉络膜增厚不仅局限于黄斑区，且发现其脉络膜血管及基质成分均显著增加；CSC为双眼受累，而表现为单眼症状；涡静脉回流障碍机制在该疾病中起到关键作用；SS-OCT能进一步对后极部的视网膜下积液进行监测和分析；发现了急性与慢性CSC脉络膜相关参数的改变的不同；最后探究了巩膜机制在该疾病中可能起到的作用。

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is one of the choroidal spectrum diseases, characterized by choriod thickening and increased vascular permeability. Therefore it is very important to observe choroid, as this allows us to monitor it and formulate an appropriate therapeutic schedule. With the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), our understanding of choroid has been significantly improved. We have got a deeper insight into its important role in posterior diseases, and also the diagnostic capability for choroidal and retinal diseases has also improved. In recent years, the development of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and swept source optical coherence tomography angiogrphy (SS-OCTA) has further advanced our ability to assess choroidal conditions. These technologies offer enhanced scanning wavelengths, depth, breadth, and scanning speed, enabling non-invasive quantitative assessment of choroidal structures. This has advanced our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of CSC and other choroidal spectrum diseases.This review summarizes the application of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS - OCT) and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS - OCTA) in CSC and its research progress. The main advancements include: choroidal thickening in CSC is not limited to macular area, both choroidal vascular and stromal components are significantly increased; CSC can affect both eyes, although it often presents with unilateral symptoms; impaired vortex vein outflow plays a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease; SS-OCT can further monitor and analyze subretinal fluid accumulation in the posterior pole; differences in changes in choroidal parameters between acute and chronic CSC have been identified; and finally, the potential role of scleral mechanisms in this disease have been explored.

目的：分析视网膜前巨噬细胞样细胞（epiretinal macrophage-like cells，eMLC）和视网膜脉络膜血流在急性黄斑神经视网膜病变（acute macular neuroretinopathy，AMN）患眼的临床特征。方法：回顾性分析2022年12月—2023年5月在中山大学中山眼科中心就诊的病程2周内的AMN患者21例（37眼）及年龄匹配的健康对照组33例（38眼）的临床资料。通过黄斑区内界膜上3 μm的en face 光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography，OCT）分层信息对eMLC进行半自动分析提取和定量，同时测量OCT血管成像（optical coherence tomography angiography，OCTA）6 mm x 6 mm 的黄斑区域内视网膜脉络膜血流参数进行分析对比。结果： AMN组黄斑区eMLC数量为（329.78±77.38）个，密度为（9.16±2.15）个/mm²，均较对照组（202.63±41.72）个、（5.63±1.16）个/mm²增加（均P＜0.001）。AMN组浅层和深层视网膜血流密度分别为（33.00±6.49）%和（32.59±7.41）%，均较对照组（36.18±5.63）%和（37.08±5.65）%减少（均P＜0.05）。视网膜全层中心凹无血管区（foveal avascular zone，FAZ）面积、视网膜全层血流密度、脉络膜毛细血管和脉络膜大中血管血流密度在两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。浅层及深层视网膜血流密度和FAZ面积对eMLC密度无影响（P＞0.05）。13例AMN患者（23眼）1个月时的随访资料显示：AMN组末次随访时eMLC数量为（248.70±59.88）个、密度为（6.91±1.66）个/mm²较初次就诊时（307.87±82.98）个和（8.55±2.30）个/mm²减少（均P＜0.001），但仍高于同期对照组（176.58±27.89）个和（4.91±0.77）个/mm²（均P＜0.001）。视网膜和脉络膜血流参数较初次就诊时比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论：AMN患眼中eMLC异常增多和聚集，同时存在轻度的视网膜血流密度下降，但无脉络膜血流参数变化，且eMLC变化与AMN病程相关但与视网膜血流变化无关，提示eMLC所代表的炎症可能独立参与了AMN的发生。

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of epiretinal macrophage-like cells (eMLC) and retinochoroidal blood flow in eyes affected by acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN). Methods: This retrospective case series study included 21 (37 eyes) patients diagnosed with AMN and 28 (33 eyes) healthy age-matched subjects. A 3 mm En-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) slab on the inner limiting membrane of the macular region was used to visualize and binarize the MLCs. The MLCs were binarized and quantified using a semiautomated method. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to evaluate the perfusion status and obtain the structural data of macular within a 6 x 6 mm² macular region. Results: The number and density of macular eMLC in AMN eyes were significantly increased in comparison to control eyes: 329.78±77.38 vs. 202.63±41.72, (P＜0.001) and 9.16±2.15 cells/mm² vs. (5.63±1.16) cells/mm² (P＜0.001). In the macular region, both superficial and deep retinal vessel densities were significantly lower in the AMN eyes than in the control eyes: (33.00±6.49)% vs. (36.18±5.63)% (P=0.040); (32.59±7.41)% vs. (37.08±5.65)% (P=0.008). There were no significant differences in the vessel densities and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area of full retina and choroidal vessel density between the two groups (P＞0.05). The eMLC density was not associated with the superficial and deep retinal FAZ area and vessel densities (all P＞0.05). At the one-month follow-up data of 13 patients (23 eyes), the number and density of macular eMLC were significantly lower in comparison to the initial visit: 248.70±59.88 vs. 307.87±82.98, P＜0.001 and (6.91±1.66) cells/mm² vs. (8.55±2.30) cells/mm² (P＜0.001). However, the number and density of macular eMLC are still noticeably higher than those of the control group during the same timeframe: 248.70±59.88 vs. 176.58±27.89 (P＜0.001) and (6.91±1.66) cells/mm² vs. (4.91±0.77) cells/mm² (P＜0.001). There was no significant difference in the vessel density of retina and choroidal during the follow-up (P＞0.05 ). Conclusions: The aggregation and activation of eMLC and a mild decrease in retinal blood flow density are observed in AMN, yet there is no corresponding shift in choroidal vessel density. The changes of eMLC are linked to the course of AMN, but they are not related to retinal vessel density. The inflammatory response represented by eMLC might independently contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of AMN.

视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelial detachment, PED)是年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)的常见临床体征之一，也是反应患者视力预后的重要生物标志物。随着眼底影像技术的快速发展，PED分型依据从单一视角逐渐转变为多模式影像。眼底荧光素血管造影对PED分型进行了初探，吲哚菁绿血管造影的应用加强了对PED内血管成分的判断，光学相干断层扫描的问世使PED结构和内容物的可视化水平得到提高，多模式影像的应用则兼顾了对PED血管特性及内容物性质的判断，为进一步认识PED的发病机制和病程特征提供了重要支持，促进PED分型体系不断更新。PED现有分型种类繁多，概念之间存在交叉。文章通过回顾国内外关于AMD相关的PED研究现状，对分型系统、多模式影像特征及最新影像进展进行汇总，为PED的标准化诊疗和未来研究方向提供了系统参考，以期推动PED相关临床和研究的深入发展。

Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is one of the common manifestations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), posing a significant threat to the patients’ vision. With the rapid advancement of imaging technology, the visualization of PED structure and content has improved considerably. The diagnostic methods and classification systems of PED are also evolving, enabling researchers to further explore its pathogenesis and disease course. However, current PED classification systems are numerous, with overlapping concepts that may cause confusion. This article reviews existing relative literature on AMD-related PED, summarizing the classification systems, multimodal imaging features, and recent imaging advances. The objective of this article is to standardize the diagnosis and guide treatment of PED, to provide systematic reference to the future research, ultimately advancing both clinical and research efforts related to PED.

目的：利用超高效液相色谱串联四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(ultra-high per formance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer, UHPLC- HRMS)代谢组学技术结合机器学习识别与糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)进展过程中的房水代谢差异，以寻找DR进展相关生物标志物。方法：本研究共纳入78例2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者以及30名年龄性别匹配健康对照人群。使用UHPLC- HRMS检测所有患者及对照人群房水中的代谢物丰度，结合机器学习筛选T2DM和DR进展相关代谢物标志物并建立预测模型。结果：在校正混杂因素后，与健康人群对比1, 5-脱水山梨醇、硫酸十四烷基酯和N,N,N-三甲基-5-氨基戊酸在T2DM患者中表现出显著差异(均P < 0.05)；而N-乙酰色氨酸、亚油酰胺、油酰胺、棕榈酰胺、戊酸(游离脂肪酸(5:0)和琥珀酸与DR进展显著相关(均P < 0.001)。代谢通路分析表明，“缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的生物合成”“精氨酸的生物合成”和“半胱氨酸及蛋氨酸代谢”是T2DM差异代谢途径。基于生物标志物的随机森林预测模型显示，差异代谢产物对T2DM和DR进展的预测准确率分别为81.3%和74%。结论：代谢组学结合机器学习方法有效揭示了T2DM及与DR进展相关的代谢特征，亚油酰胺和油酰胺有望成为DR进展的生物标志物，为DR的诊断和个体化治疗提供了新的可能性。

Objective: To identify aqueous humor metabolic profiles associated with the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), aiming to discover potential biomarkers for DR progression. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) will be utilized in conjunction with machine learning (ML) for comprehensive analysis. Methods: A total of 78 patients with T2DM and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included. UHPLC-HRMS was used to identify metabolites in the aqueous humor of all participants. ML was employed to screen for metabolites associated with T2DM and DR progression, and predictive models were established. Results: After adjusting for covariates, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, tetradecyl sulfate, and n,n,n-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid identified as significant indicators for T2DM compared to controls (all P < 0.05). N-acetyltryptophan, linoleamide, oleamide, palmitic amide, valeric acid(FFA(5:0), and succinic acid emerged as predictors for DR progression (all P < 0.001). Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that "valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis", "arginine biosynthesis," and "cysteine and methionine metabolism" were the most enriched pathways for T2DM. Predictive models achieved R² values of 81.3%, and 74% for T2DM and DR progression, respectively. Conclusions: Metabolomic combined with ML effectively uncovered metabolic characteristics associated with T2DM and DR progression. Linoleamide and oleamide represent promising potential biomarkers for DR progression, offering new opportunities for diagnosis and personalized treatment of DR.

慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(cCSC)以广泛的脉络膜视网膜异常为特征，包括脉络膜血管扩张及其引发的弥漫性视网膜色素上皮病变和浆液性视网膜脱离，常累及黄斑区，引起视功能损害。传统观点认为其可能由急性CSC演变而来，但近期研究显示两者在临床上存在明显差异。其病情反复、迁延，预后较差。随着光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)、超广角成像和en face重建成像等新多模式影像(MMI)技术的出现和人工智能及机器学习的发展，更多有意义的cCSC影像学特征不断出现。文章详细介绍了cCSC在眼底成像、眼底自发荧光(FAF)、光学相干断层扫描(OCT)、眼底荧光素血管造影(FFA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影和OCTA等影像技术中的表现，并探讨了人工智能在识别CSC分类及其OCT 生物标志物等方面的应用。不同影像技术在cCSC的诊断和研究中各有优势，如FAF可能是评估疾病进展及变化的有效手段，OCT可更直观地观察视网膜结构的改变，FFA是识别渗漏点的重要检查手段，而OCTA可能是评估脉络膜微循环的的最佳手段等。这些MMI研究进展为深入了解cCSC的病理生理机制及临床特征提供了重要线索，有助于提高诊断的准确性和效率，改善患者的预后和生活质量。

Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) is characterized by extensive retinochoroidal abnormalities. This includes difuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy and serous retinal detachment associated with choroidal vasodilatation, ofen involving the macula and cause visual impairment. It was originally considered that it might evolve from acute CSC, but recent studies have shown significant clinical differences between the two. It tends to recur, be prolonged, and have an unfavorable prognosis. With the advent of new multimodal imaging (MMI) techniques such as optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultra-wide-feld imaging, and en face reconstruction imaging, along with the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning, more significant cCSC imaging characteristics have been constantly emerging. Tis article provides a comprehensive overview of cCSC’s imaging features across various modalities, including fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fuorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography, and OCTA. It also explores the application of artifcial intelligence in identifying CSC classifications and OCT biomarkers. Different imaging techniques have their own advantages in the diagnosis and study of cCSC, such as FAF being an efective means to assess disease progression and changes, OCT providing a more intuitive observation of retinal structural changes, FFA being an important tool for identifying leakage points, and OCTA possibly being the best means to assess choroidal microcirculation. Tese MMI research advancements ofer crucial insights for clinicians, aiding in more accurate diagnosis and efective treatment, thereby potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life.