目的：探索基于眼底彩照和人工智能构建冠心病智能诊断系统的可行性。方法：于2013—2014年收集广东省人民医院530例患者共2117张眼底彩照，其中冠心病217例共909张眼底彩照。根据患者有无冠心病的情况进行标记，使用Inception-V3深度卷积神经网络训练人工智能模型，随后使用验证数据判断模型的准确率。计算深度卷积网络模型的准确性、一致率、敏感性、特异性和受试者工作特性曲线下面积(area under the curve，AUC)。结果：在2117张眼底彩照中，1903张用于模型训练，214张用于模型的性能评估。在测试集中，该算法的准确性为98.1%，一致率为98.6%，敏感性为100.0%，特异性为96.7%，AUC为0.988(95%CI：0.974~1.000)。结论：眼底彩照联合人工智能技术可精准判定冠心病，该模型具备较高的敏感性和特异性，但须进一步增加样本量，使用大样本量数据验证该模型，排除过拟合的可能性。

Objective: To explore the feasibility of developing a deep learning algorithm for detecting coronary heart diseases based on fundus color photography and artificial intelligence (AI). Methods: A total of 2 117 fundus  color photographs were taken from 530 patients in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital from 2013 to 2014,including 909 fundus color photographs from 217 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). According to whether the patient had coronary heart disease or not, the Inception-V3 depth convolution neural network was used to train the deep learning model, and then the validation data were used to judge the accuracy of the model. The accuracy, consistency rate, sensitivity and specificity of the deep convolution network model and the area under the working characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. Results: Among the 2 117 fundus color photographs, 1 903 were used for model training, and 214 were used to test the accuracy of the model. In the test dataset, the accuracy of the algorithm was 98.1%, the consistency rate was 98.6%, the sensitivity was 100.0%, and the specificity was 96.7%. The AUC was 0.988 (95% CI, 0.974–1.000). Conclusion: The combination of fundus color photography and artificial intelligence can achieve the accurate diagnosis of the coronary heart disease, and the model has high sensitivity and specificity. However, future studies are warranted to validate our model and exclude the possibility of over-fitting.

近年来，脂质代谢紊乱与眼科疾病关系密切。体外研究和临床前模型显示，高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein，HDL)及其主要蛋白成分载脂蛋白A1(apolipoprotein A1，apoA1)对内皮细胞具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗凋亡作用，对血管具有强大的保护作用。ApoA1模拟肽能够模拟apoA1功能，且分子质量更小，前景非常乐观。而动物实验及人体试验均证实了模拟肽D-4F口服使用的安全性及有效性，因此目前研究最为广泛。目前来说，对于apoA1及其模拟肽在眼科疾病的研究中属于萌芽阶段。本文总结了apoA1及其模拟肽的结构，及其在眼科疾病如视光学、角膜病、玻璃体视网膜疾病中的研究进展，为apoA1及其模拟肽在眼科的进一步研究及开发利用提供参考。

The recent researches indicate that the disorder of lipid metabolism is closely related to ophthalmic diseases.In vitro studies and preclinical studies have shown that high density lipoprotein (HDL) and its main structural protein apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) have superior efficacy in blood vessel protection, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on endothelial cells. Prospect of the ApoA1 mimetic peptide is very optimistic as it can mimic the function of apoA1, and its molecular weight is smaller. The safety and efficacy of oral use of mimetic peptide D-4F have been confirmed in both animal experiments and clinic trials. Thus, it had been extensively studied. In this paper, we reviewed the structure of apoA1 and its mimetic peptide, as well as their  researches related to ophthalmic diseases, such as optometry, corneal diseases and vitreoretinal diseases, so as to provide reference to further researches in apoA1 and its mimetic peptide in the of ophthalmic diseases.

木村病(Kimura disease，KD)是一种罕见的、病因不明的、可能由免疫介导的慢性进行性炎症性疾病。本文分析1例8岁的男性患者，因左眼无痛性上睑下垂、影像学提示双眼泪腺占位、血象提示嗜酸性粒细胞及免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulinE，IgE)水平升高、病理提示大量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润，被最终诊断为累及双侧泪腺的KD。行左眼眶肿物切除术后，对患者随访6个月期间未见复发。

Kimura disease (KD) is a rare chronic progressive inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that may be immunemediated. Herein, we analyze an 8-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with painless ptosis in the left eye, double tear glands on imaging, elevated levels of eosinophils and immunoglobulin E (IgE) on blood, and massive eosinophil infiltration on pathology. The final diagnosis was Kimura disease involving bilateral lacrimal glands. After resection of the left orbital tumor, no recurrence was observed in the six months postoperation follow-up

目的：研究“中山眼鼻相关疾病·内镜论坛”的培训效果及其影响因素。方法：采用调取平台数据和调查问卷的方法，研究2020年6月至2022年5月16期“中山眼鼻相关疾病·内镜论坛”的参与人员情况和培训效果反馈，并分析专业、职称、地域等因素对培训效果的影响。结果：学员合计7889人，27634人次，以副主任医师30.2%(2382人)和主治医师32.9%(2597人)为主。参与学员人数从第1期的269人，逐渐增加到第16期的2537人。学员参与人数最多和收获最大的主题均为应用解剖和影像学、甲状腺相关眼病、泪道疾病。通过调查问卷发现：75.4%(95/126)的学员认为所学内容对今后的临床工作具有非常大的作用；84.1%(106/126)的学员应用所学的知识改进了日常临床工作；96.0%(121/126)的学员愿意参加中山眼科中心举办的线下实操的眼鼻相关解剖学习班。对于所学知识在今后临床工作的作用，副主任医师和主治医师认为“非常有用”的比例明显高于主任医师。在是否将所学知识应用于日常临床工作方面，副主任医师和主治医师认为“是”的比例明显高于主任医师和住院医师。参与6~16次论坛的学员，培训效果明显优于参与1~5次的学员。结论：眼鼻相关疾病·内镜微创领域在眼科和鼻科领域关注度日益提升。“中山眼鼻相关疾病·内镜论坛”有助于学员理论知识的扩展和提升，对眼鼻相关疾病医生的日常临床工作具有很好的作用，主治医师和副主任医师职称的学员培训效果更好，参与论坛次数多的学员培训效果更好。

Objective: To assess the training effects of “Zhongshan Eye and Nose Related Diseases and Endoscopy Forums” and its influencing factors, propose targeted suggestions for training focus and teaching methods, and improve the teaching quality. Methods: Statistics of live broadcast platform data and custom-designed questionnaires were used to inquire the participants enrolled in the 16 sessions of “Zhongshan Eye and Nose Related Diseases and Endoscopy Forums” from June 2020 to May 2022 for their feedbacks on training effects. The influence of their professions, titles, regions and other factors on the training effects was analyzed. Results: A total of 7 899 participants were enrolled in “Zhongshan Eye and Nose Related Diseases and Endoscopy Forums”, and the total live broadcast person-time was 27 634. Associate senior doctors (30.2%, 2 382) and attending doctors (32.9%, 2 597) accounted for the largest proportion. The number of participants gradually increased from 269 in the first session to 2 537 in the 16th. The topics with the largest number of participants and the greatest gains were applied anatomy and imaging, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, and lacrimal duct diseases. Through the questionnaire study, 75.4% (95/126) of the participants thought that what they had learned in the forums was very important for their future clinical work; 84.1% (106/126) of the participants applied the knowledge to improve their daily clinical work; 96.0% (121/126) of the participants were willing to participate in the offline practice of eye and nose anatomy classes held by Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center. In terms of the role of the learned knowledge in the future clinical work, the proportion of associate senior doctors and attending doctors who thought "very useful" was significantly higher than that of senior doctors. In terms of whether to apply the knowledge learned to daily clinical work, the proportion of associate senior doctors and attending doctors thinking “yes” was significantly higher than that of senior doctors and residents. Participants who participated in 6–16 sessions had significantly better training results than those who participated in 1–5 sessions. Conclusion: Eye and nose related diseases are attracting increasing attention in ophthalmology and rhinology. “Zhongshan Eye and Nose Related Diseases and Endoscopy Forums” are conducive to the expansion and improvement of participants’ theoretical knowledge, and plays a good role in the daily clinical work of doctors with eye and nose related diseases. The training effect of attending doctors and associate senior doctors is better, and the training effect of participants who participate in the forum more times is better.

目的：分析新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间实时面对面线上教学(以“腾讯会议”教学为例)在医学教育中的利弊及其与医学生眼表疾病的相关性，为改进线上教育方案、预防干眼提供依据。方法：以中南大学湘雅医学院本科学生为研究对象，采用横断面研究的方法，使用问卷星收集数据，研究实时面对面线上教学的效果及对眼表疾病的影响。结果：共收集到131份有效数据，绝大多数学生(84.73%)认为实时面对面线上教学是有效的，96.18%的学生认为实时面对面线上教学达到或部分达到了学习的目的，但是实时面对面线上教学的师生互动与课堂氛围有待加强，另外网络设备问题也是实时面对面线上教学需要面对的问题。同时，调查显示实时面对面线上教学参与学生的干眼患病率达66.41%，家庭所在地、家庭人均月收入、使用设备、是否全程专注听课与干眼患病率之间无相关性。结论：新型冠状病毒疫情期间实时面对面线上教学在医学教育中是有效的，但是师生互动不足、课堂氛围不够活跃、网络连接不稳定是其主要问题。此外，实时面对面线上教学会增加干眼的发病率，需要提高护眼意识，积极预防。

Objective: To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of real-time face-to-face online teaching (taking “Tencent Conference” teaching as an example) in medical education and its correlation with ocular surface diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to provide basis for improving online education programs and preventing dry eye. Methods: The undergraduate students of Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University were selected as the research objects. The method of cross-sectional study was used to collect data using questionnaires to study the effect of real-time face-to-face online teaching and its impact on ocular surface diseases. Results: A total of 131 valid data were collected. Among them, the vast majority of students (84.73%) think real time face to face online teaching is effective, and 96.18% of the students believe that real-time face-to-face online teaching at least partly achieved the purpose of learning. However, the interaction between teachers and students and the classroom atmosphere of real-time face-to-face online teaching needs to be strengthened. In addition, network equipment is also a problem that real-time face-to-face online teaching needs to face. Meanwhile, the survey showed that the prevalence rate of dry eye among the students who participated in real-time face-to-face online teaching reached 66.41%, and there was no correlation between the incidence rate of dry eye and the location of family, the per capita monthly income of family, the equipment, and whether they paid full attention to the lectures. Conclusion: Real-time face-to-face online teaching is effective in medical education during COVID-19, but the main problems are insufficient teacher-student interaction, inactive classroom atmosphere and unstable Internet connection. In addition, real-time face-to face online teaching will increase the incidence of dry eye, so it is necessary to improve the awareness of eye protection and actively prevent it.

猫抓病(cat scratch disease，CSD)是由巴尔通体引起的一种人畜共患病。该病不仅有多种全身表现，还可能出现各种危害视力的眼部并发症。随着家庭饲养宠物不断增多，CSD发病率逐年上升，眼科医生应重视此病。CSD的临床表现多种多样，容易误诊，与猫等宠物接触的病史、高滴度的血清免疫球蛋白G抗体是诊断的关键，聚合酶链反应也有助于诊断。由于CSD通常是免疫能力强的个体的自限性感染，因此通常不需要抗生素治疗。然而，当免疫力低或感染重时，多西环素是最常用的抗生素。

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a zoonotic disease caused by Bartonella, which not only has a variety of systemic manifestations, but also may have various ocular complications that endanger vision. With the increasing number of pets kept at home, its incidence shows an increasing trend year by year. Therefore, ophthalmologists should pay attention to this disease. The clinical manifestations of CSD are various, which easily lead to misdiagnosis. The medical history of contact with cats and other pets and serum immunoglobulin G antibody with high titer are the key to diagnosis, and polymerase chain reaction is also helpful to diagnosis. Because CSD is usually a self-limiting infection of individuals with strong immune ability, antibiotic treatment is usually not required. However, when immunity is low or infection is severe, doxycycline is the most commonly used antibiotic.

近年来人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)技术在医学领域的应用发展迅猛，尤其在眼科领域，成果显著，极大地提高了相关影像数据的诊断效率，推动了该领域研究的进展。然而，大多数AI的应用都集中于成人眼病，在婴幼儿眼病方向的研究较少。究其原因，可能是婴幼儿眼部影像数据采集配合度低，部分影像设备应用受限，且相关领域专业眼科医生数量匮乏。然而，婴幼儿期是视觉发育最重要的阶段，也是出生缺陷早期筛防诊治的重灾区，对患儿的视觉发展具有长远且重要的影响，亟需AI相关产品提高婴幼儿眼病筛查效率，缓解医疗资源不足的现状。本文将对近年AI在婴幼儿眼病领域的研究应用现状、进展及存在的相关问题进行综述。

In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, especially in ophthalmology, has developed rapidly with remarkable results. This has greatly improved the diagnostic efficiency of relevant imaging data and promoted further research in this field. However, most applications of AI are focused on adult eye diseases, and few studies have addressed infantile eye diseases. This may be because of the non-cooperative nature of infants, the limited availability of imaging equipment in infants, and the lack of pediatric ophthalmologists. Infancy is the most important stage of vision development. Disturbance during this period have a profound and lasting influence on vision development. Hence, early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of birth defects is important. AI-related products, which improves the efficacy of infant eye disease screening, are urgently needed. This paper reviews the current status, progress, and existing problems of recent research related to application of AI in infantile eye diseases.