随着智能手机覆盖率的增加与可用性的提升，实现智能健康管理的应用程序成为新兴研究热点。新一代智能手机可通过追踪步数，监测心率、睡眠，拍摄照片等方式进行健康分析，成为新的医学辅助工具。随着深度学习技术在图像处理领域的不断进展，基于医学影像的智能诊断已在多个学科全面开花,有望彻底改变医院传统的眼科疾病诊疗模式。眼科疾病的常规诊断往往依赖于各种形式的图像，如裂隙灯生物显微镜、眼底成像、光学相干断层扫描等。因此，眼科成为医学人工智能发展最快的领域之一。将眼科人工智能诊疗系统部署在智能手机上，有望提高疾病诊断效率和筛查覆盖率，改善医疗资源紧张的现状，具有极大的发展前景。综述的重点是基于深度学习和智能手机的眼病预防与远程诊疗的进展，以糖尿病性视网膜病变、青光眼、白内障3种疾病为例，讲述深度学习和智能手机在眼病管理方面的具体研究、应用和展望。

With the increasing coverage and availability of smart phones, the application of realizing intelligent health management has become an emerging research hotspot. The new generation of smart phones can perform health analysis by tracking the step numbers, monitoring heart rate and sleep quality, taking photos and other approaches, thereby becoming a new medical aid tool. With the continuous development of deep learning technology in the field of image processing, intelligent diagnosis based on medical imaging has blossomed in many disciplines, which is expected to completely change the traditional eye diseases diagnosis and treatment mode of hospitals. The conventional diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases often relies on various forms of images, such as slit lamp biological microscope, fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, etc. As a result, ophthalmology has become one of the fastest growing areas of medical artificial intelligence (AI). The deployment of ophthalmological AI diagnosis and treatment system on smart phones is expected to improve the diagnostic efficiency and screening coverage to relieve the strain of medical resources, which has a great development prospect. This review focuses on the prevention and telemedicine progress of eye diseases based on deep learning and smart phones, taking diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and cataract as examples to describe the specific research, application and prospect of deep learning and smart phones in the management of eye diseases.

目的：结合医院小儿眼科常见病种调研国内儿童眼用制剂药物临床试验开展现状，为儿童眼用制剂药物临床试验的发展提供参考。方法：基于国家药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台和医院信息系统，结合郑州市第二人民医院儿童眼科病种，分析儿童眼科药物临床试验开展情况。 结果：医院门诊就诊患者以屈光不正最多（占68.49% ），其次是结膜炎（占11.25%），再次是斜视（占8.60%）。平台共检索到相关临床试验165项，儿科专用药物临床试验25项，其中延缓青少年近视方面试验24个，小儿结膜炎试验1个，其他病种药物临床试验检测结果为0；药物临床试验中以I期和Ⅲ期临床试验为主；延缓青少年近视方面试验已完成试验8项，其他都在进行中。结论：儿童眼科疾病的药物治疗尚有巨大的临床需求未满足，直接关系到了儿童健康权益保障与生命安全维护。当前国内儿童眼用制剂研发呈现企业参与度低、创新动力不足的现状，其核心制约因素在于项目少、难度大、涉及更多的伦理问题。建议通过政产学研协同创新，系统性推进儿童眼用制剂的研发进展，切实解决我国儿童眼病治疗用药难的问题，为儿童视觉健康提供有力保障。

Objective：Combined with the common diseases of pediatric ophthalmology in our hospital, the current situation of clinical trials of ophthalmic preparations for children in China was investigated to provide reference for the development of clinical trials of ophthalmic preparations for children in China. Methods：Based on the national drug clinical trial registration and information publicity platform and hospital information system, combined with the pediatric ophthalmic diseases in our hospital, the development of pediatric ophthalmic drug clinical trials was analyzed. Results：Among the outpatients in our hospital, ametropia was the most common ( 68.49 % ), followed by conjunctivitis ( 11.25 % ) and strabismus ( 8.60 % ). A total of 165 clinical trials and 25 clinical trials of pediatric drugs were retrieved from the platform, including 24 trials on delaying juvenile myopia, 1 trial on pediatric conjunctivitis, and 0 clinical trial on other diseases. Drug clinical trials were mainly phase I and phase III clinical trials. Eight trials have been completed to delay juvenile myopia, and others are in progress. Conclusions：There is still a huge clinical demand for the drug treatment of children 's eye diseases, which is directly related to the protection of children 's health rights and life safety. At present, the research and development of children 's ophthalmic preparations in China presents the current situation of low enterprise participation and insufficient innovation motivation. The core constraints are fewer projects, greater difficulty, and more ethical issues. It is suggested to systematically promote the research and development of ophthalmic preparations for children through the collaborative innovation of government, industry, university and research, so as to effectively solve the problem of difficult medication for children 's eye diseases in China and provide a strong guarantee for children 's visual health.

糖基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰，通常发生在内质网和高尔基体的特定位置。N-糖基化和O-糖基化是最常见的糖基化修饰类型。与其他翻译后修饰相比，糖基化具有独特的生物学意义，包括结构的复杂多样性，生物功能的重要性以及进化上的保守性。糖基化修饰对于蛋白质稳定性、细胞黏附与识别、细胞内信号传导和表观遗传学具有重要影响，从而参与调节细胞生物学和发病机制。近年来，越来越多的研究揭示了糖基化参与眼部疾病的发生和发展，包括眼表疾病、圆锥角膜、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、视网膜色素变性、糖尿病视网膜病变等。眼部蛋白糖基化异常可通过诱发新生血管形成、炎症反应、氧化应激、异常免疫应答等改变细胞的结构与功能，进而影响各种眼病的发生发展。通过深入研究糖基化在不同眼部疾病中的作用机制，可以为相关眼部疾病的早期诊断和治疗提供新的思路和方法。现综述糖基化在眼部疾病的研究进展，以探究调控蛋白质糖基化对眼部疾病的诊疗意义。

Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins that usually occurs at specific locations within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation are the most common types of glycosylation modifications. Compared to other post-translational modifications, glycosylation has unique biological significance, including structural complexity and diversity, crucial biological functions, and evolutionary conservation. Glycosylation modifications significantly impact protein stability, cell adhesion and recognition, intracellular signal transduction, and epigenetics, thereby regulating cellular biology and pathogenesis. In recent years, an increasing amount of research has revealed the involvement of glycosylation in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases, including ocular surface diseases, keratoconus, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy. Abnormal glycosylation of ocular proteins can induce changes in cell structure and function through mechanisms such as neovascularization, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and abnormal immune response, thereby influencing the occurrence and development of various eye diseases. By deeply studying the mechanisms of glycosylation in different ocular diseases, new insights and methods can be provided for the early diagnosis and treatment of related ocular diseases. This review summarizes the research progress of glycosylation in ocular diseases to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of regulating protein glycosylation in ocular diseases.

近年来，眼部电流刺激(electrical stimulation,ES)在不同方向的研究中逐渐揭示了其在多种视网膜疾病中的潜在治疗价值。其中，经角膜电刺激(transcorneal electrical stimulation,TES)作为一种非侵入性的治疗方法，能对视网膜、视神经、眼底血管及其相关结构产生积极的影响。TES能够改善视力，在保护感光细胞和减缓疾病进展方面显示出积极效果，提高患者的生存质量，还能够在不损伤眼球的情况下调节大脑中的神经元活动，为视网膜疾病的治疗提供一种新的选择。该文对近年来TES在视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)、视网膜血管病、青光眼以及视神经病变等疾病中的应用研究进行了综述。研究发现，TES治疗是一种安全且无需手术的辅助治疗工具，具有广泛的应用前景。该文旨在为临床医师提供一个全面的TES研究概述，并深入探讨其在眼科学领域的潜在应用价值。然而，TES治疗的具体机制仍需进一步探讨，以便更好地应用于临床实践。同时，未来研究还应关注TES与其他治疗方法相结合的效果，以期为患者提供更多有效的治疗选择。

In recent years, electrical stimulation of the eye (ES) has gradually revealed its potential therapeutic value in a variety of retinal diseasesin different directions. Among them, transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES), as a non-invasive treatment, can have a positive effect on the retina, optic nerve, fundus vessels and related structures. TES can improve vision, show positive effects in protecting photoreceptor cells and slowing disease progression, improve the quality of life of patients, and can regulate neuronal activity in the brain without damaging the eyeball, providing a new option for the treatment of retinal diseases. The research on the application on TES on retinitis pigementosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal angiopathy, glaucoma and optic neuropathy are reviewed in this article. It is found in the study that TES therapy is a safe and surgery-free adjuvant therapy tool, and has a wide application prospect. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of TES research,and to explore its potential application value in the field of ophthalmology. However, the specific mechanism of TES therapy still needs to be further explored in order to better apply in clinical practice. At the same time, future studies should also focus on the effect of combining TES with other treatment methods, in order to provide more effective treatment options for patients.

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease，PD)是老年人常见的神经系统退行性疾病，眼部及视觉功能障碍是PD常见的非运动症状之一，进一步影响其生活质量。已有研究表明PD患者视网膜内存在多巴胺浓度的减少以及α突触核蛋白的沉积。目前，PD仍缺乏有效的早期诊断及病情评估工具，光学相干断层扫描及光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术可以显示视网膜各层微细结构及微血管的异常，应用该技术研究者发现PD患者视乳头旁视网膜神经纤维层及黄斑区视网膜的厚度均存在不同程度的变薄，视网膜浅层及深层毛细血管丛的毛细血管密度和复杂性下降。进一步研究者应用该技术在PD临床应用中进行了探索，并发现其可用于检测早期PD中发生的病理变化，反映疾病的病程及严重程度，并且在鉴别诊断中起到一定的作用。总而言之，视网膜相关检测可能成为评估PD患者脑病理严重程度的指标，并且帮助疾病诊断和监测疾病的进展，不过这仍需要大样本、多中心的重复研究以提供更多理论依据。

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, and ocular and visual dysfunction is one of the common non-motor symptoms of PD, further affecting PD patients’quality of life. Reduced dopamine concentrations and deposition of α-synuclein in the retina of PD patients have been shown in studies. At present, there is still a lack of effective tools for early diagnosis and assessment of PD. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography can reveal abnormalities in the microstructure and microvasculature of the retinal layers, and researchers applying these techniques have found that the thickness of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and the retina in the macula in PD patients have had varying degrees of thinning, and the density and complexity of capillaries in the superficial and deep capillary plexus of the retina have been reduced. Further, investigators have explored the clinical application of these techniques in PD and have found that they can be used to detect pathological changes occurring in early PD, reflect the course and severity of the disease, and play a role in differential diagnosis. In conclusion, retinal-correlated testing may be an indicator to assess the severity of brain pathology in PD patients and to aid in disease diagnosis and monitoring the progression of PD, although large sample, multicenter replication studies are still needed to provide more reliable results.

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（central serous chorioretinopathy，CSC）是一种以脉络膜增厚、血管通透性增加为特征的脉络膜谱系疾病，所以对脉络膜的观察对于CSC的监测和治疗非常重要。随着光学相干断层扫描成像（optical coherence tomography，OCT）的发展，对脉络膜的认识有了显著提升，也让我们更深刻地理解了它在眼后段疾病中的重要作用，提高了对各种脉络膜视网膜疾病的诊断能力。近年来，随着扫频源光学相干断层扫描（swept source optical coherence tomography，SS - OCT）及扫频源光学相干断层扫描血流成像（swept source optical coherence tomography angiography，SS - OCTA）的发展，其扫描波长、深度、广度及扫描速度均显著提升，实现了对脉络膜结构的无创定量化评估，推进了对CSC等脉络膜谱系疾病的病理机制的认识和临床管理。文章就近年SS-OCT及SS-OCTA在 CSC 中的应用及研究进展进行总结。主要进展有：发现CSC脉络膜增厚不仅局限于黄斑区，且发现其脉络膜血管及基质成分均显著增加；CSC为双眼受累，而表现为单眼症状；涡静脉回流障碍机制在该疾病中起到关键作用；SS-OCT能进一步对后极部的视网膜下积液进行监测和分析；发现了急性与慢性CSC脉络膜相关参数的改变的不同；最后探究了巩膜机制在该疾病中可能起到的作用。

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is one of the choroidal spectrum diseases, characterized by choriod thickening and increased vascular permeability. Therefore it is very important to observe choroid, as this allows us to monitor it and formulate an appropriate therapeutic schedule. With the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), our understanding of choroid has been significantly improved. We have got a deeper insight into its important role in posterior diseases, and also the diagnostic capability for choroidal and retinal diseases has also improved. In recent years, the development of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and swept source optical coherence tomography angiogrphy (SS-OCTA) has further advanced our ability to assess choroidal conditions. These technologies offer enhanced scanning wavelengths, depth, breadth, and scanning speed, enabling non-invasive quantitative assessment of choroidal structures. This has advanced our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of CSC and other choroidal spectrum diseases.This review summarizes the application of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS - OCT) and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS - OCTA) in CSC and it’s research progress. The main advancements include: choroidal thickening in CSC is not limited to macular area, both choroidal vascular and stromal components are significantly increased; CSC can affect both eyes, although it often presents with unilateral symptoms; impaired vortex vein outflow plays a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease; SS-OCT can further monitor and analyze subretinal fluid accumulation in the posterior pole; differences in changes in choroidal parameters between acute and chronic CSC have been identified; and finally, the potential role of scleral mechanisms in this disease has been explored.

音乐作为一种非侵入性的感官刺激，凭借其独特的治疗价值在医疗领域的应用日益广泛。文章综述了音乐在眼底诊疗领域的应用现状及研究进展。大量临床研究表明，音乐干预可以显著降低患者在眼科诊疗过程中的焦虑水平，改善医疗体验。在玻璃体腔注射、早产儿视网膜病变筛查、视野检查等不同临床场景中，音乐的应用均显示出积极效果。此外，在眼科模拟手术操作研究中，背景音乐的存在不仅没有对医生的手术操作造成干扰，反而可能通过调节术者的心理状态，优化手术环境。虽然音乐干预效果存在个体差异，不同患者对音乐类型、节奏和音量的偏好各异，但总体而言，作为一种安全、经济且易于实施的辅助手段，音乐疗法在眼底临床实践中展现出良好的应用前景。目前已有初步研究表明，音乐在糖尿病视网膜病变合并抑郁症的大鼠实验模型中可减少细胞凋亡并改善抑郁。未来需要开展更多严谨的随机对照试验，建立标准化的音乐干预方案，以充分发挥音乐在眼科诊疗中的积极作用。同时，也应该重视个体化治疗原则，根据患者的个人喜好和具体临床情况，制定合适的音乐干预策略。

Music, as a non-invasive sensory stimulus, has been increasingly applied in medical fields due to its unique therapeutic value. This article reviews the current applications and research progress of music in fundus examination and treatment. Extensive clinical studies have demonstrated that music intervention can significantly reduce patients' anxiety levels during ophthalmic procedures and improve their medical experience. Positive effects have been observed across various clinical scenarios, including intravitreal injections, retinopathy of prematurity screening, and visual field examinations. Furthermore, studies on simulated ophthalmic surgical procedures have shown that background music not only does not interfere with surgeons' operational performance but may actually optimize the surgical environment by regulating the operator's psychological state. Although the effectiveness of music intervention varies among individuals, with patients showing different preferences for music types, rhythms, and volumes, music therapy generally demonstrates promising potential in fundus clinical practice as a safe, economical, and easily implemented auxiliary measure. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that music can reduce cell apoptosis and improve depression in rat models of diabetic retinopathy complicated with depression. Looking forward, more rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish standardized music intervention protocols to maximize the positive effects of music in ophthalmic treatment. Meanwhile, emphasis should be placed on the principle of individualized treatment, developing appropriate music intervention strategies based on patients' personal preferences and specific clinical conditions.

巨噬细胞样细胞(macrophage-like cells, MLC)指起源、功能与巨噬细胞类似的免疫细胞，包括小胶质细胞、玻璃体细胞及巨噬细胞。将en face OCT显示层面设置在视网膜表明即可观测到视网膜表明的 MLC(epiretinal MLC, eMLC)，随后利用ImageJ软件即可对细胞进行提取和量化。研究表明，eMLC在炎症情况下均可出现细胞募集及活化现象，但在不同眼底病中各具特点。在糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜静脉阻塞等视网膜缺血缺氧性疾病中，eMLC密度越高，黄斑水肿可能越严重。此外，eMLC密度更高的视网膜静脉阻塞患者抗VEGF疗效更差，视力预后不佳，提示基于en face OCT的eMLC不仅可用于评估视网膜炎情况，而且还能充当提示疾病疗效及预后的标志物。在葡萄膜炎等免疫炎症性疾病中，en face OCT亦可观测到eMLC密度、形态等改变。白塞病葡萄膜炎患者视网膜血管渗漏程度与eMLC密度相关性强，故eMLC密度可充当无创评估视网膜血管渗漏程度的新指标。然而，目前提取和量化eMLC的方法及标准不统一，降低了各研究间的可比性。因此，亟需制定统一的操作规范和评估标准。此外eMLC 所代表的具体细胞类型及功能仍需进一步探究。未来，研究者可以利用en face OCT对眼底炎症地进行无创评估。基于en face OCT的eMLC还能作为基础研究与临床研究之间的桥梁，为揭示疾病的致病机制提供重要参考。

Macrophage-like cells (MLC) refer to immune cells that originate from and function similarly to macrophages, including microglia, hyalocytes, and macrophages themselves. By setting the display level of en face OCT to the retinal surface, epiretinal MLC (eMLC) can be observed and subsequently extracted and quantified using ImageJ software. Studies indicate that eMLC can exhibit cell recruitment and activation in inflammatory conditions, each displaying distinct characteristics in different retinal diseases. In ischemic and hypoxic retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, higher densities of eMLC are associated with more severe macularedema. Moreover, patients with retinal vein occlusion showing higher eMLC densities tend to have poorer responses to anti-VEGF treatments and worse visual prognoses, suggesting that eMLC identified via en face OCT can be used not only to assess retinal inflammation but also as biomarkers for disease efficacy and prognosis. In immune-inflammatory diseases like uveitis, changes in eMLC density and morphology can also be observed through en face OCT. Inpatients with Beh?et's disease, a strong correlation exists between the degree of retinal vascular leakage and eMLC density, making eMLC density a potential non-invasive marker for assessing retinal vascular leakage. However, the current methods and standards for extracting and quantifying eMLC are not unified, significantly reducing comparability between studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish uniform operational protocols and assessment standards. Furthermore, the specific cell types and functions represented by eMLC observed via en face OCT require further investigation. In the future, en face OCT could be utilized for non-invasive assessment of retinal inflammation. eMLC based onen face OCT could also serve as a bridge between basic research and clinical studies, providing valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases.

CSNB是一组高度异质的遗传性视网膜疾病(inherited retinal disease, IRD)，主要由视网膜光感受器细胞和双极细胞间的信号传导障碍引发。其主要临床特征为静止性夜盲和暗适应功能障碍，常伴有早发性近视、眼球震颤、斜视和远视等症状，ERG在CSNB的诊断、分型及治疗指导中起着至关重要的作用。尽管CSNB发病率低，属于罕见病，但其真实发病率可能被低估，部分原因在于其症状轻微、眼底表现多不明显，且临床常忽视视网膜功能检查，导致较高的漏诊和误诊率。随着分子遗传学技术的进步，大量研究揭示了CSNB不同基因缺陷的致病机制，特别是与早发近视的关联机制，这些研究同也增加了对视网膜信号传导和近视发病机制的理解。然而，CSNB的基因治疗仍处于早期阶段。本综述旨在全面探讨CSNB的疾病谱，包括不同类型患者的临床表现、影像学和功能学表型特征，以及相关遗传学致病机制，并总结基因型与表型的关联。同时，综述最新研究成果与未来发展方向，旨在提高国内学者对CSNB的认识，为临床诊断和治疗提供参考，并为后续研究提供新思路。

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) represents a group of highly heterogeneous inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) primarily caused by impaired signal transmission between photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells in the retina. The main clinical features include stationary night blindness and dark adaptation dysfunction, often accompanied by early-onset myopia, nystagmus, strabismus, and hyperopia. Electroretinography (ERG) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, classification, and therapeutic management of CSNB. Although CSNB is classified as a rare disease due to its low incidence, its true prevalence is likely underestimated, partly because of its mild symptoms, inconspicuous fundus manifestations, and frequent oversight of retinal function tests in clinical practice, leading to high rates of underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. With advances in molecular genetics, extensive research has elucidated the pathogenic mechanisms of various genetic defects in CSNB, particularly those associated with early-onset myopia. These studies have also enhanced our understanding of retinal signal transduction and the pathogenesis of myopia. However, gene therapy for CSNB remains in its early stages. This review aims to comprehensively explore the disease spectrum of CSNB, including clinical manifestations, imaging and functional phenotypic characteristics across different subtypes, and associated genetic pathogenic mechanisms. We also summarize genotype-phenotype correlations, review the latest research advancements, and discuss future directions. By doing so, this review seeks to improve the understanding of CSNB among domestic researchers, provide guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment, and offer new insights for future research.

“六要素，三个一”是眼底影像基础阅片工作中进行眼底疾病临床创新性研究的模式要点，即在眼底阅片过程中捕捉到1个异常的病例后，通过积累病例、提炼特征、文献检索、寻同查异，进而扩展到1组病例，最后通过思辨创新，提出或完善1种新的疾病或疾病表征。近二十年来，在此模式的指导下，团队在眼底疾病研究工作中取得了一些原创性的成果：比如息肉状脉络膜血管病变的认识及其在国人新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性中发病比例第一，提出点状内层脉络膜病变病灶国际分期和命名新亚型，年龄相关的吲哚菁绿血管造影晚期散在弱荧光点揭示潴留性视网膜色素上皮脱离的发病机制，发现急性黄斑神经视网膜病变是登革热患者视力下降的主要原因，在全球最大的持续性鳞状黄斑病变的病例系列中明确病灶层次等创新性成果。“六要素”框架规范眼底影像研究流程，强调研究过程的严谨性与渐进性，且多次循环后衍生发散出更多研究线索和思路，极大拓展研究深度和广度。“三个一”路径体现了研究的层次性，从个体现象(点)到群体规律(线)，最终构建疾病认知的立体网络(面)；指导眼底异常影像征象、罕见病、新病种研究，加速疾病谱系完善。以“六要素”为纲，以“三个一”为略，将继续推动眼底疾病临床研究的创新与突破。

The "6 Elements, 3 Ones" constitutes a methodological framework for conducting innovative clinical research of ocular fundus diseases in foundational fundus imaging interpretation. This model emphasizes: 1) identifying a single abnormal case during routine fundus evaluation; 2) systematically expanding this observation into a case series through case accumulation, feature extraction, literature review, and comparative analysis; and 3) ultimately proposing or refining novel disease entities or manifestations through critical thinking and innovation. Over the past two decades, guided by this paradigm, our research team has achieved several original breakthroughs in fundus imaging studies, including: establishing polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy as the predominant subtype of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Chinese populations; proposing an international staging system and novel subtypes for punctate inner choroidopathy; elucidating the pathogenesis of retentional retinal pigment epithelial detachment through the sign of age-related scattered hypofluorescent spots on late-phase indocyanine green angiography; identifying acute macular neuroretinopathy as the primary cause of vision loss in dengue fever patients; and precisely localizing lesion in the world's largest case series of persistent placoid maculopathy. The "6 Elements" framework standardizes fundus disease research protocols, emphasizing methodological rigor and progressive investigation while generating multiple research trajectories through iterative cycles, thereby expanding both the depth and breadth of scientific inquiry. The "3 Ones" pathway embodies hierarchical research progression - transitioning from individual phenomena (point observations) to population-level patterns (linear correlations), ultimately constructing a multidimensional disease cognition network (planar integration). This approach guides investigations ranging from signs of common disease to rare disorders and novel disease entities, accelerating the refinement of disease taxonomies. By adhering to the "6 Elements" as the structural framework and implementing the "3 Ones" as the strategic pathway, we will continue to advance innovation and achieve breakthroughs in clinical fundus disease researches.