全眼球移植（Whole eye transplantation, WET）是治疗因外伤、肿瘤等导致眼球不可逆损伤及永久性失明的潜在终极手段。其核心不仅在于实现眼球解剖结构的完整移植，更关键的是实现功能性视觉恢复，关键挑战包括优化手术策略重建眼球血液循环，实现供体视神经与受体视觉中枢的神经连接，建立精准有效的免疫调控策略以平衡移植耐受与感染风险。本文系统梳理了WET领域的研究进展与发展挑战。早期研究以变温动物模型为主，这些模型在一定程度上证实了视觉通路在眼球移植后仍具有一定的可塑性，但由于其眼球结构与人类存在显著解剖差异，且实验设计中未涉及精细的血管与神经吻合，因而临床转化价值有限。随着显微血管技术的发展，哺乳动物模型及人眼球移植的初步探索在显微外科血管吻合技术方面取得重要突破，实现了移植眼球视网膜血液灌注的短期重建，但仍面临视神经再生障碍和功能维持难题。当前的研究瓶颈主要集中在三个方面：血液循环重建技术优化、神经轴突精准再生及免疫微环境调控。建立与人类接近的标准化非人灵长类动物模型，并开展系统性的实验研究，将为克服现有技术障碍、推动WET走向临床提供至关重要的实验依据和新思路。
Whole eye transplantation (WET) is a potential definitive treatment for irreversible ocular damage and permanent blindness caused by conditions like trauma or tumors. The success of WET depends not only on the complete anatomical restoration of the transplanted eye but, more critically, on the recovery of functional vision. Key challenges in this field include optimizing surgical strategies to re-establish ocular blood circulation, achieving functional neural integration between the donor optic nerve and the recipient's visual centers, and developing precise and effective immunomodulation strategies to strike a balance transplant tolerance and infection risk. This review provides a systematic review of the research progress and developmental challenges in the field of WET. Early studies primarily utilized poikilothermic animal models, which demonstrated a certain degree of plasticity in the visual pathway following transplantation. However, due to significant anatomical differences compared to humans and the lack of sophisticated vascular and neural anastomosis in experimental designs, their clinical translatability of these studies remained constrained. With the progress in microvascular techniques, preliminary explorations in mammalian models and human eye transplantation have achieved significant breakthroughs in microsurgical vascular anastomosis, enabling the short-term reestablishment of retinal blood perfusion in transplanted eyes. Nonetheless, perisitent obstacles include inadequate optic nerve regeneration and poor long-term functional maintenance. Currently, research bottlenecks mainly focus on three aspects: optimizing surgical techniques for blood circulation reconstruction, precisely regenerating nerve axons, and regulating the immune microenvironment. Establishing standardized non-human primate models that closely mimic humans and conducting systematic experimental studies will furnish crucial evidence and novel insights to overcome existing technical hurdles and propel WET toward clinical application.
目的：评估EYESi手术模拟器在眼科医师专科培训玻璃体手术中的教学效果。方法：招募中山大学中山眼科中心进行专科医师规范化培训的15名学员，开展眼底手术培训课程，随机分为A组、B组、C组，每组各5名学员。以培训开始前进行初次视网膜脱离手术作为基础分数，除玻璃体后脱离项目、视网膜前膜及内界膜项目等基础练习内容外，A组仅接受双手剪刀训练，B组仅接受激光训练，C组同时接受双手剪刀训练及激光训练。最后所有学员再进行视网膜脱离手术项目作为最终考核成绩。记录下学员的每次得分和操作时间。结果：培训后学员视网膜脱离手术得分较培训前提高（P<0.001）。C组与A组学员最终视网膜脱离手术得分高于B组学员（P<0.05）。有内眼手术经验的学员初次视网膜脱离手术得分高于无内眼手术经验的学员，且手术时长低于无内眼手术经验的学员（P<0.05）。结论：EYESi手术模拟器能有效提高眼科医师的手术操作信心及玻璃体视网膜手术操作技能，双手剪刀训练模块是玻璃体视网膜手术培训中的重要模块。
Objective: To assess the instructional efficacy of the EYESi surgical simulator in training ophthalmology residents on vitreoretinal surgical procedures. Methods: Fifteen ophthalmology residents participating in standardized specialist training program at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, were randomly assigned to three groups (A, B, C; n=5 per group). All participants underwent an initial baseline assessment through simulated retinal detachment surgery. In addition to standard training modules covering posterior vitreous detachment, anterior retinal membrane peeling, and inner limiting membrane manipulation, Group A received supplementary bimanual scissors training, Group B underwent laser training, and Group C received both types of advanced training. The final assessments were carried out using the same retinal detachment simulation, with performance scores and operation times carefully recorded. Results: Post-training surveys revealed significant increases in both trainees’ self-confidence and their self-assessed surgical proficiency. Objective performance scores for retinal detachment surgery showed marked improvement after training (P < 0.001). Groups C and A achieved significantly higher final scores compared to Group B (P < 0.05). Participants with prior intraocular surgical experience scored higher and completed procedures more quickly in the baseline assessment than those without such experience (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The EYESi simulator proves to be an effective tool for enhancing surgical skills and boosting operational confidence in vitreoretinal surgery training. In particular, bimanual instrumentation training offers significant educational value in the development of advanced microsurgical techniques.
目的：了解干眼患者相关知识、管理态度及防治行为的现状及影响因素，为临床制定针对性的干预措施提供依据。方法：采用便利抽样法，选取2025年1—3月在中山大学中山眼科中心干眼与眼表疾病门诊就诊的患者为研究对象。调查工具为一般资料调查表、中国干眼问卷及干眼患者知信行问卷。知信行问卷包括知识（16个条目）、态度（7个条目）、行为（9个条目） 3个维度，共32个条目。使用单因素分析及多元线性回归分析确定影响因素。 结果：有效回收调查问卷325份，325例干眼患者的知信行问卷平均得分为（62.89±9.00）分；标准分为（78.61±11.25）分，处于中等水平。其中知识维度平均得分为（9.89±4.88）分，134例（41.2%）处于较差水平；态度维度得分较高，总均分为（26.92±2.24）分，标准分（96.16±8.03）分，处于较高水平；行为维度总均分为（26.06±5.43）分，标准分（72.41±15.09）分，处于中等水平。单因素分析结果显示，不同年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、是否经常使用电子设备、是否主动查询疾病知识的干眼患者，其知信行得分比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。年龄、文化程度、是否主动查询疾病知识是干眼患者知信行得分的影响因素（P<0.05）。 结论：干眼患者知信行水平处于中等，表现为疾病知识掌握片面、防治态度较积极但行为水平有待提高，且受多因素影响，应制订精准、个性化健康教育内容，以提高干眼患者的知信行水平。
Objective: To investigate the current status and identify the influencing factors regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dry eye disease (DED) among patients. This study aims to provide a solid foundation for the development of targeted clinical interventions. Methods: With convenience sampling, patients diagnosed with DED were selected at the Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disease Clinic of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from January to March 2025 as study subjects. The survey tools consisted of a general information questionnaire, the Chinese Dry Eye Questionnaire, and the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) Questionnaire for DED patients. The KAP questionnaire was structured into three dimensions: knowledge (16 items), attitudes (7 items), and practices (9 items), making a total of 32 items. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were employed to identify influencing factors. Results: A total of 325 valid questionnaires were collected. Among the 325 DED patients, the average KAP score was 62.89±9.00, and the standardized score was 78.61±11.25, indicating a moderate level. In the knowledge dimension, the average score was 9.89±4.88 and 134 patients (41.2%) had poor scores. The attitudes dimension showed a relatively high level, with a total mean score of 26.92±2.24 and a standardized score of 96.16±8.03, reflecting that the patients generally held positive attitudes towards the prevention and treatment of DED. For the practices dimension, the total mean score was 26.06±5.43, and the standardized score was 72.41±15.09, indicating a moderate level of behaviorial practices. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in KAP scores among patients with different ages, education levels, monthly household income per capita, frequencies of electronic device use, and whether they actively sought disease-related knowledge (P<0.05). Further, age, education level, and proactive information-seeking behavior were identified as significant influencing factors for KAP scores (P<0.05). Conclusions: The KAP level of DED patients is moderate. Their disease knowlege is fragmented, while they exhibit positive attitudes toward prevention and treatment. However, their behavioral practices are subptimal and are influenced by multiple factors. Therefore, it is essential to develop tailored and personalized health education programs to enhance the KAP level of DED patients.
目的：建立高效液相色谱法（high-performance liquid chromatography，HPLC）测定曲伏噻吗滴眼液中曲伏前列素有关物质。方法：采用Agilent SB-C18色谱柱（50 mm×2.1 mm，2.7 μm）；以磷酸溶液（取磷酸2.0 mL，加水稀释并定容至1 000 mL，用氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至3.0）为流动相A，乙腈为流动相B，洗脱梯度；流速为每分钟3.0 mL；柱温为30 ℃；检测波长为220 nm；进样体积100 μL。结果：在该色谱条件下，曲伏前列素与各杂质均可良好分离；在酸、碱、氧化、高温和强光破坏条件下，曲伏前列素峰纯度合格，物料守恒。曲伏前列素、5,6-反式曲伏前列素和15-酮曲伏前列素分别在0.041~3.245 μg/mL（r=1.000 0）、0.040~3.229 μg/mL（r=1.000 0）、0.039~3.088 μg/mL（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好，其最低检测限分别为0.020、0.020和0.020 μg/mL；6份样品中5,6-反式曲伏前列素的含量相对标准偏差（relative standard deviatio，RSD）为0.2% (n=6)，15-酮曲伏前列素的含量RSD为0.3% (n=6)，重复性良好；对照品溶液和供试品溶液在室温条件下放置100h稳定，5,6-反式曲伏前列素的平均回收率为95.2%，相对标准偏差RSD为0.5% (n=9)，15-酮曲伏前列素的平均回收率为92.7%，RSD为1.2% (n=9)该方法重现性好。结论：本方法简便、快速、准确。适用于检测曲伏噻吗滴眼液中的曲伏前列素有关物质。
Objective: To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of related substances in Travoprost and Timolol Maleate Eye Drops, sepcifically focusing on Travoprost and its impurities. Methods: The analytic column used was an Agilent SB-C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm，2.7 μm) . A phosphoric acid solution (prepared by diluting 2.0 mL of phosphoric acid with water tto final volume of 1,000 mL and adjust the pH to 3.0 with sodium hydroxide solution) was used as mobile phase A, while acetonitrile served as mobile phase B. The elution was performed using a gradient program at a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 220 nm, and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The injection volume is 100 μL. Results: Under the described chromatographic condition, Travoprost and its various impurities were well separated. The purity of the Travoprost peak was qualified, and the material remained stable under conditions of acid, alkali, oxidation, high temperature, and strong light exposure. The linear ranges for Travoprost, 5,6-trans-Travoprost, and 15-keto-Travoprost were determined to be 0.041~3.245 μg/mL(r=1.0000), 0.040~3.229 μg/mL(r=1.0000), 0.039~3.088 μg/mL(r=0.9999), respectively. The lowest detection limits for these compounds were all 0.020 μg/mL, The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the content of 5,6-trans-travoprost and 15 keto trovopros in six samples were 0.2% (n=6) and 0.3% (n=6), respectively, indicating good reproducibility. Both the reference solution and the test solution remained stable at room temperature for 100 hours,The average recovery rates for 5,6-trans-Travoprost and 15-keto-Travoprost were 95.2% (RSD 0.5%,n=9) and 92.7% (RSD 1.2%, n=9) respectively, further confirming the high reproducibility of the method. Conclusions: The developed HPLC method is simple, rapid, and accurate, making it suitable for the determination of related substances in Travoprost and Timolol Maleate Eye Drops.
睑缘炎是一种普遍存在的慢性眼部炎症，主要影响睑缘的皮肤和黏膜。患者常表现为眼部干痒、异物感等刺激症状，以及睑缘充血、肥厚和睫毛反复脱落等。睑缘清洁可以抑制部分眼表细菌生长，也可以去除睑缘油脂、分泌物、角化上皮细胞，清洁眼表环境，对治疗睑缘炎具有较好效果。为确保患者的治疗安全，并指导和规范临床眼科医护人员的操作，由中山大学中山眼科中心牵头，联合全国17所医疗机构进行反复修订，于2023年12月17日在全国团体标准信息平台发布《基于眼睑清洁仪的睑缘清洁操作流程》的团体标准。文章对该团体标准进行深度解读，详细解读睑缘清洁操作的适应证与禁忌证、具体操作的重点、难点与细节等内容，以更好地指导临床医护人员实施规范有效的治疗操作，保证患者治疗效果与确保患者治疗安全。旨在规范和推进基于眼睑清洁仪的睑缘清洁操作流程的精准化发展，更为促进我国眼前段疾病医学和护理精准应用的水平提供重要的标准依据。
Blepharitis is a common chronic eye inflammation that mainly affects the skin and mucosa of the eyelid margin. It is characterized by eye irritation symptoms such as dryness, itching, and foreign body sensation, accompanied by clinical manifestations such as eyelid congestion, thickening, and repeated eyelash loss. It can damage the conjunctival tissue even. Eyelid cleaning can inhibit the growth of some bacteria on the ocular surface, remove eyelid oil, secretions, and keratinized epithelial cells, clean the ocular environment, and have a good effect on treating blepharitis. In order to ensure the safety of patient treatment and guide and standardize the operation of clinical ophthalmic medical staff, led by the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, and jointly revised by 17 medical institutions across the country, the group standard " Operation procedure of eyelid margin cleaning based on eyelid cleaning device" was released on the National Group Standard Information Platform on December 17, 2023. This article provides an in-depth interpretation of the group's standards, detailing the indications and contraindications, key points, difficulties, and details of eyelid cleaning procedures, in order to better guide clinical medical staff in implementing standardized and effective treatment procedures, ensuring patient treatment effectiveness and safety. Aiming to standardize and promote the precise development of eyelid margin cleaning procedures based on eyelid cleaning devices, and provide important standard basis for promoting the level of medical and nursing precision application of anterior segment diseases in China.
