目的：检索并总结开角型青光眼患者眼部用药规范化护理管理的最佳证据，为临床实践提供参考。方法：通过护理循证方法提出实践问题，按照循证证据检索数据库的“6S”分类模型，检索有关开角型青光眼患者眼部用药管理的所有证据资源类型，包括临床指南、最佳实践信息册、证据总结、系统评价和专家共识等。由2名循证护理研究员对纳入文献的质量进行独立评价并进行证据的归纳总结。结果：最终纳入12篇文献，包括4篇指南、3篇证据总结和5篇系统评价；汇总了19条有关开角型青光眼眼部用药管理的最佳证据，包括滴眼技术指导、依从性管理和信息提供3个方面。结论：总结开角型青光眼眼部用药管理的最佳证据，可为临床医务人员管理患者提供参考和借鉴，以达到患者规范用药、控制眼压和延缓疾病进展的目的。

Objective: To retrieve and summarize the best evidence on standardized ocular medication management among open-angle glaucoma patients. Methods: With evidence-based nursing method, practical problemswere identified. According to the “6S” pyramid model of evidence resource, studies on standardized ocular medication management among open-angle glaucoma patients were retrieved, including clinical guidelines, best practice information booklet, systematic reviews, and expert consensus. Two evidence-based nursing researchers independently evaluated the quality of the included literature and summarized the evidence. Results: A total of 12 articles were ultimately enrolled, including 4 clinical guidelines, 3 evidence summaries and 5 systematic reviews. Finally, 3 aspects including 19 pieces of best evidence were summarized, which were Eye drop technical instruction, medication adherence management and related information provision. Conclusion: The best evidence for the medication management of open-angle glaucoma patients were summarized, which provide reference for clinical medical staffs to manage patients, so as to achieve the purpose of standardizing medication,controlling intraocular pressure and preventing disease progression.

眼健康是国民健康的重要组成部分，包括盲在内的视觉损伤严重影响人民群众的身体健康和生活质量，加重家庭和社会负担，威胁社会经济生产活动，是涉及民生的重大公共卫生问题和社会问题。弱视作为幼儿期起病的主要视觉障碍性疾病之一，是致使青少年低视力的首要因素，影响青少年自身学业和心理健康，增加致盲风险，故做好弱视的预防及康复工作刻不容缓。通过梳理研究发现，国内外对弱视的传统治疗方法有遮盖疗法、屈光矫正、压抑疗法等，知觉学习、视功能训练、电子视频游戏、针灸等则是近年逐渐新兴起并被广泛运用的弱视康复治疗方法，近年来关于年龄对弱视康复治疗影响的相关研究也较多。通过整理前人研究成果，提出建立儿童青少年视力档案、建立五位一体弱视康复治疗布局模式、进行联合临床治疗青少年弱视的对策，以期为青少年弱视提供康复治疗手段参考和选择，促进青少年弱视康复治疗眼健康事业发展。

Eye health is an important part of national health. Visual impairment, including blindness, seriously affects people’s physical health and quality of life, increases the burden on families and society, threatens social and economic production activities, and is a major public health and social problem related to people’s livelihood. Amblyopia,as one of the main visual disorders in early childhood, is the primary factor causing low vision in adolescents, which affects their academic and mental health and increases the risk of blindness. Therefore, it is urgent to do a good job in the prevention and rehabilitation of amblyopia. By summarizing existing studies, it is found that traditional treatment methods for amblyopia at home and abroad include occlusion therapy, refractive correction, and depressive therapy, while perceptual learning, visual function training, electronic video games, acupuncture and so on are gradually emerging in recent years and widely used in recent years. There are numerous studies on the impact of age on the rehabilitation of amblyopia. By sorting out the previous research results, this paper puts forward the countermeasures of establishing visual acuity files for children and adolescents, establishing the five- in-one rehabilitation treatment layout model, and combining clinical treatment for adolescent amblyopia, in order to provide reference and choice for the rehabilitation treatment of adolescent amblyopia, and promote the development of the eye health cause of adolescent amblyopia rehabilitation.

目的：探讨督导式教学门诊在眼科住院医师规范化培训中的具体实践和教学效果。方法：通过合理排班、限制号源等措施设立每周固定的督导式教学门诊时间，安排老师和学员出诊；在教学门诊开展4个月后，通过问卷调查和临床技能考核的形式采集反馈意见并评估教学效果。 结果：共有16名老师和8名学员参加了督导式教学门诊，调查问卷结果显示100%的带教老师和学员认可该教学模式，参加过教学门诊的学员临床技能考核得分显著高于对照组(t =3.631， P<0.05)。结论：督导式教学门诊应用于眼科住院医师规范化培训具有实际可行性，并可以提高学员的临床技能水平。

Objective: To explore the application and effects of supervised teaching clinic in standardized training of ophthalmology residents. Methods: A weekly supervised teaching clinic was set through reasonable scheduling and limiting the registration numbers. After 4 months of application, feedbacks were collected through questionnaire survey from both the teachers and residents. Clinical skills assessments were also taken to evaluate the teaching effect. Results: A total of 16 teachers and 8 residents participated in the supervised teaching clinic. The results of the questionnaire showed that 100% of the teachers and residents agreed with the teaching mode. The clinical skill assessment scores of the residents who participated in the teaching clinic were significantly higher than those of the control group (t=3.631, P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of supervised teaching clinic in standardized training of ophthalmology residents is feasible and can improve the clinical skills of the residents. 

近年来，使用人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)技术对临床大数据及图像进行分析，对疾病做出智能诊断、预测并提出诊疗决策，AI正逐步成为辅助临床及科研的先进技术。生物样本库作为收集临床信息和样本供科研使用的平台，是临床与科研的桥梁，也是临床信息与科研数据的集成平台。影响生物样本库使用效率及合理共享的因素有信息化建设水平不均衡、获取的临床及检验信息不完全、各库之间信息不对称等。本文对AI和区块链技术在生物样本库建设中的具体应用场景进行探讨，展望大数据时代智能生物样本库信息化建设的核心方向。

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been applied to analyze clinical big data and images and then make intelligent diagnosis, prediction and treatment decisions. It is gradually becoming an advanced technology to assist clinical and scientific research. Biobank is a platform for collecting clinical information and samples for scientific research, serving as a bridge between clinical and scientific research. It is also an integrated platform of clinical information and scientific research data. However, there are some challenges. First, clinical and laboratory information obtained is incomplete. Additionally, the information among different databases is asymmetric, which seriously impedes the information sharing among different Biobanks. In this article, the specific application scenarios of AI technology and blockchain in the construction of a Biobank were discussed, aiming to pinpoint the core direction of the information construction of an intelligent Biobank in the era of big data.

当下，我国眼科的发展存在失衡现象，大城市与农村及偏远地区在眼科相关诊疗设施水平、诊疗技术等方面存在巨大差异，仍需探寻新的智能诊疗模式以解决失衡问题。由于眼球是唯一可以直接观察人体血管和神经的器官，眼部可反映其他脏器的健康状态，部分眼科检查的医学图像可对眼部疾病做出诊断等特点，眼科开展人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)具有独到的优势。此外，人工智能可在一定程度上提高跨时间空间传递信息的精准度及效率。人工智能在眼科及远程信息传递的优势为解决眼科发展失衡状况提供了助力。本文从眼科人工智能在眼科远程医疗相关应用的角度，主要分析并总结当下我国人工智能在眼科相关疾病远程医疗中的发展程度、所具优势以及存在问题，并讨论眼科人工智能在远程医疗的应用展望。

At present, there is an imbalance in the development of ophthalmology in China. There are huge differences in the level of ophthalmology related facilities, diagnosis and treatment technologies between big cities and rural, remote areas. New intelligent diagnosis and treatment models are still needed to solve the imbalance. Since the eye is the only organ that can directly observe the blood vessels and nerves of the human body, the eye can reflect the health status of other organs and diagnosis of eye diseases based on medical images of some ophthalmic examinations can be made as well as other characteristics. Therefore, the development of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology has unique advantages. In addition, artificial intelligence can improve the accuracy and efficiency of information transmission across time and space to a certain extent. The advantages of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology and telematics are helping to solve the imbalance in ophthalmology development. From the perspective of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine, this paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the development degree, advantages and existing problems of artificial intelligence in the telemedicine of ophthalmic diseases in China, and discusses the prospect of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine.

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease，PD)是老年人常见的神经系统退行性疾病，眼部及视觉功能障碍是PD常见的非运动症状之一，进一步影响其生活质量。已有研究表明PD患者视网膜内存在多巴胺浓度的减少以及α突触核蛋白的沉积。目前，PD仍缺乏有效的早期诊断及病情评估工具，光学相干断层扫描及光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术可以显示视网膜各层微细结构及微血管的异常，应用该技术研究者发现PD患者视乳头旁视网膜神经纤维层及黄斑区视网膜的厚度均存在不同程度的变薄，视网膜浅层及深层毛细血管丛的毛细血管密度和复杂性下降。进一步研究者应用该技术在PD临床应用中进行了探索，并发现其可用于检测早期PD中发生的病理变化，反映疾病的病程及严重程度，并且在鉴别诊断中起到一定的作用。总而言之，视网膜相关检测可能成为评估PD患者脑病理严重程度的指标，并且帮助疾病诊断和监测疾病的进展，不过这仍需要大样本、多中心的重复研究以提供更多理论依据。

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, and ocular and visual dysfunction is one of the common non-motor symptoms of PD, further affecting PD patients’quality of life. Reduced dopamine concentrations and deposition of α-synuclein in the retina of PD patients have been shown in studies. At present, there is still a lack of effective tools for early diagnosis and assessment of PD. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography can reveal abnormalities in the microstructure and microvasculature of the retinal layers, and researchers applying these techniques have found that the thickness of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and the retina in the macula in PD patients have had varying degrees of thinning, and the density and complexity of capillaries in the superficial and deep capillary plexus of the retina have been reduced. Further, investigators have explored the clinical application of these techniques in PD and have found that they can be used to detect pathological changes occurring in early PD, reflect the course and severity of the disease, and play a role in differential diagnosis. In conclusion, retinal-correlated testing may be an indicator to assess the severity of brain pathology in PD patients and to aid in disease diagnosis and monitoring the progression of PD, although large sample, multicenter replication studies are still needed to provide more reliable results.

目的：探讨中国西北地区60岁以上人群晶状体厚度（lens thickness, LT）和晶状体相对位置（relative lens position,RLP）的影响因素以及与眼前房角结构的相关性，为探索晶状体在原发性闭角型青光眼疾病中的作用机制提供依据。方法：横断面研究，纳入2024年4—6月在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县社区人群中检查的60岁以上正常受检者，采用眼前节相干光断层扫描仪等，测量双眼眼球生物学参数。将患者右眼纳入研究范围，通过相关性分析和线性回归模型分析晶状体参数变化与房角结构的相关性。结果：性别、腰围和眼轴长度（axial length, AL）为RLP的独立预测因子。年龄越大，晶体越厚，70岁前LT与AL呈正相关，眼轴、LT和RLP是眼前房角巩膜突前500 μm开放距离（AOD500）的独立预测因子，其多元线性回归方程为：AOD500=-2.501 4+0.083 3AL-0.115 7LT+7.0211RLP-0.00260Sex-0.0010身高。 结论：新疆喀什地区60岁以上人群中，女性、腰围大和眼轴短提示晶体相对位置靠前，而晶状体厚度、相对位置以及眼轴显著影响眼前房角开放距离，成为闭角型青光眼发病的潜在危险因素。

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of lens thickness (LT) and relative lens position (RLP) in individuals aged 60 and above in Northwestern China, as well as their correlation with anterior chamber angle structure. The aim is to provide evidence for exploring the role of the lens in the pathogenesis of primary angle - closure glaucoma. Methods: A cross - sectional study was conducted. Normal subjects aged 60 and above were enrolled from community - based examinations in Yingjisha County, Kashgar region, Xinjiang, between April and June 2024. An anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to measure ocular biological parameters of both eyes. Only the right eyes of the subjects were included in the analysis. The correlation between changes in lens parameter and angle structure was examined through correlation analysis and linear regression models. Results: Gender, waist circumference and axial length emerged as independent predictors of the relative lens position. As age increased, the lens became thicker. Before the age of 70, lens thickness was positively correlated with axial length. Axial length, LT and RLP were identified as independent predictors of the anterior chamber angle scleral spur anterior 500 - μ m - opening distance (AOD500). The multiple linear regression equation is as follows: AOD500 (mm) = -2.5014 + 0.0833AL (mm) - 0.1157LT (mm) + 7.0211RLP - 0.00260Sex - 0.0010Height (cm). Conclusions: Among individuals aged 60 and above in Northwest China, being female, having a large waist circumference, and a short axial length are indicative of a relatively anterior lens position Furthermore, lens thickness, its relative position, and axial length significantly affect the anterior chamber angle opening distance, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of angle-closure glaucoma.

目的：了解新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病情况及其相关因素，为制定科学有效的眼健康防控策略提供依据。方法：选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县3 261名在校儿童青少年，对其进行裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、屈光度、眼位和眼底情况等检查，并通过问卷调查收集其基本人口学信息、近视家族史、用眼情况和睡眠情况，采用Logistic回归分析7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病的相关因素。结果：英吉沙县儿童青少年弱视的患病率为1.99%（95%·CI: 1.51~2.47）。弱视患病率在学生类型、性别、近视家族史、主观睡眠质量、每天写作业时间、每天睡眠时间等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），在斜视、近视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间等方面比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析结果显示，斜视、远视、屈光参差及每天使用电子产品时间与弱视相关，对应的OR值相应为3.82（95%CI: 1.93~7.58，P＜0.001）、10.88（95%CI: 4.85~24.40，P＜0.001）、13.54（95%CI:6.84~26.78，P＜0.001）和0.25（95%CI: 0.12~0.54, P＜0.001），合并斜视、远视或屈光参差的儿童青少年患弱视的风险增加。每天使用电子产品时间＞60 min的儿童青少年患弱视风险较使用时间≤60 min降低。弱视类型以屈光不正性弱视和屈光参差性弱视为主。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年人群中，屈光不正和屈光参差是弱视患病的主要原因。斜视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间是弱视的影响因素。

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive investigation into the prevalence of amblyopia and its influencing factors among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang. The ojective is to furnish a solid basis for formulating scientific and effective eye health prevention and control strategies. Methods: A total of 3,261 school-aged children and adolescents in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, were selected for this study. The examinations included uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, and fundus condition. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, family history of myopia, daily eye-use habits, and sleep status. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, and logistic regression was employed to explore factors associated with amblyopia in children and adolescents aged 7-16. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of amblyopia among children and adolescents in Yingjisha County was 1.99% （95% CI: 1.51-2.47）. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of amblyopia across student type, sex, family history of myopia, subjective sleep quality, daily homework duration, or daily sleep duration. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in cases involving strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia, and daily screen time. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that strabismus (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.93-7.58, P < 0.001), hyperopia (OR = 10.88, 95% CI: 4.85-24.40, P < 0.001), and anisometropia (OR = 13.54, 95% CI: 6.84–26.78, P < 0.001) were positively correlated with amblyopia. Conversely, children and adolescents who used electronic devices for >60 minutes per day had a lower risk of amblyopia (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.54, P < 0.001) compared to those with ≤60 minutes or less of daily screen time. The most common type of amblyopia was mixed amblyopia （60.00%）, followed by anisometropic amblyopia （23.08%）, refractive amblyopia （12.31%）, and strabismic amblyopia （4.62%）. Among mixed amblyopia cases, the combination of refractive amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia was the predominant pattern （64.10%）. Conclusions: Refractive errors and anisometropia are the main causes of amblyopia. Strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia and the duration of electronic device use are identified as influencing factors for amblyopia.

目的：调查新疆英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年近视前期 ( 屈光度≤+0.75 D且>-0.50 D)患病率及其相关因素,为该地区近视防控提供依据。方法：在2024年5—6月采用简单抽样法选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县一所中学和芒辛镇一所小学的学生进行问卷调查、视力、散瞳验光、眼轴、眼前段、眼底检查等横断面评估，分析纳入等效球镜(spherical equivalent，SE)度数较高眼的数据，采用单因素和多因素逻辑回归分析人口学特征、家族史、用眼行为、生活习惯等潜在相关因素与近视前期的关系。结果：共纳入3 247名参与者，男性占50.14%，女性占49.86%。近视前期1 652人(50.88%)，近视621人(19.12%)，非近视974人(30.00%)。近视前期患病率50.88%(95%CI:49.16%~52.60%)，近视患病率为19.12%(95%CI:17.81%~20.51%)。多因素回归分析显示，女性(OR=2.56, 95%CI:2.09~3.13, P<0.001)、较大年龄(OR=1.19, 95%CI:1.13~1.24 , P<0.001)和较长眼轴(OR=2.68, 95%CI: 2.31~3.11 , P<0.001)是近视前期的相关因素。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年中，半数处于近视前期，其相关因素包括年龄偏大、女性及眼轴偏长。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of pre-myopia (defined as spherical equivalent ≤+0.75 D and >−0.50 D) and its related factors among children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in Yengisar County, Xinjiang, China, providing evidence for regional myopia prevention. Methods: In May and June 2024, a comprehensive assessment was carried out on students selected through simple sampling from a middle school in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and a primary school in Mangxin Town, Yingjisha County. ,The assessment included a questionnaire survey, visual acuity test, dilated eye refraction measurement, axial length measurement, anterior segment examination, and fundus examination. The data included eyes with high spherical equivalent (SE) power. Single-factor and multiple-factor logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics, family history, eye-use behavior, lifestyle habits, and other potential related factors with pre myopia. Results: A total of 3,247 participants were included in the study, with 50.14% being male and 49.86% female. Among them, 1,652 (50.88%) individuals had preclinical myopia, 621 (19.12%) had myopia, and 974 (30.00%) had non myopia. The preclinical prevalence of myopia was 50.88% (95% CI: 49.16-52.60), and the prevalence of myopia was 19.12% (95% CI: 17.81-20.51). Multivariate regression analysis showed that female (OR=2.56, 95% CI: 2.09-3.13, P<0.001), older age (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.24, P<0.001), and longer axial length (OR=2.68, 95% CI: 2.31-3.11, P<0.001) were related factors in the preclinical stage of myopia. Conclusions: Among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, Half were in the preclinical stageof myopia. The related factors include older age, female gender, and axial length.

目的：评估分析新疆地区14个地州6~18岁学龄儿童青少年屈光参差的患病率、空间分布特征和影响因素，为制定区域性眼健康干预策略提供科学依据。方法：采用横断面研究设计，纳入新疆地区14个地州的小学、初中及高中学生共64 277名，收集其人口学特征、屈光状态及地域分布数据。通过等效球镜度（spherical equivalent，SE）评估屈光状态，近视为SE ≤ -0.50 D，屈光参差为眼间SE差异≥1.0 D，采用Moran's I分析屈光参差患病率的空间分布，采用单因素及多因素回归分析探讨屈光参差的危险因素。结果：屈光参差的总体患病率为17.9%（95% CI：17.6%～18.2%），女性屈光参差患病率（18.8%）高于男性（16.9%），汉族（23.9%）高于维吾尔族（11.7%）和其他民族（18.4%）（P<0.001）。屈光参差患病率呈空间聚集分布(Moran's I = 0.450，P = 0.043，Z = 2.026)，并且存在地域差异，昌吉最高（24.1%），克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州最低（7.9%），城市（19.0%）高于农村（15.6%），北疆（19.9%）高于南疆（13.5%）（P<0.001）。屈光参差的患病率与年龄呈正相关，6岁为9.8%，18岁达22.4%。多因素回归分析显示，女性、北疆地区、近视和较高年龄是屈光参差的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：新疆地区学龄儿童青少年屈光参差患病率较高，在空间上呈聚集分布，且存在显著的人口学及地域差异，女性、北疆地区、近视和较高年龄是屈光参差的独立危险因素，建议加强对高危人群的视力筛查及早期干预。  

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and analyze the prevalence, spatial distribution characteristics, and influencing factors of anisometropia among school-aged children and adolescents aged 6-18 across 14 prefectures in Xinjiang, thereby providing a scientific foundation for formulation of regional eye health intervention strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, including 64,277 students from primary, middle, and high schools in 14 prefectures of Xinjiang. Data on demographic characteristics, refractive status, and geographical distribution were collected. Refractive status was assessed using spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE ≤ -0.50 D, and anisometropia was defined as an interocular SE difference ≥ 1.0 D. Moran's I analysis was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of anisometropia prevalence. Additionally, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for anisometropia. Results: The overall prevalence of anisometropia was 17.9% (95% CI: 17.6%-18.2%). The prevalence was higher among females (18.8%) compared to males (16.9%), and higher among Han Chinese (23.9%) than among Uyghurs (11.7%) and other ethnic groups (18.4%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of anisometropia showed a spatially clustered distribution (Moran's I = 0.450, P= 0.043, Z-score = 2.026) , with notable regional variations. Changji had the highest prevalence (24.1%), while Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture had the lowest (7.9%). Urban areas (19.0%) had a higher prevalence than rural areas (15.6%), and northern Xinjiang (19.9%) had a higher prevalence than southern Xinjiang (13.5%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of anisometropia was positively correlated with age, increasing from 9.8% at age 6 to 22.4% at age 18. Multivariate regression analysis showed that female gender, residing in northern Xinjiang, myopia, and older age were independent risk factors for anisometropia. Conclusions: The prevalence of anisometropia among school-aged children and adolescents in Xinjiang is relatively high, showing a spatially clustered distribution with significant demographic and regional disparities. Female gender, residing in northern Xinjiang, myopia, and older age are independent risk factors for anisometropia. It is recommended to enhance vision screening and implement early intervention for high-risk populations.