Pterygium is a nonneoplastic degenerative tissue that grows subepithelially, and its pathogenesis is mainly related to ultraviolet exposure, however, the full mechanism of pterygium remains unclear. Recent studies have found that viral infection, oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, DNA methylation, apoptosis and proliferative proteins, extracellular matrix regulators, epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation and other factors are related to the pathogenesis, but the specific mechanism of each factor needs to be studied. In this article, the author reviews the current pathogenesis of pterygium. Exploring its different related factors and their roles in the pathogenesis of pterygium will help to provide new prevention and treatment strategies for clinical practice.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, which is the primary cause of vision loss in people of working age. Diabetic macular edema (DME) can occur at any stage of DR, which is a thickening of the central retina caused by leakage of capillaries in the macular area, and is the main cause of vision loss in DR patients. DME can occur at any stage of DR, and it is a thickening of the retina in the center of the macula due to leakage of the macular capillaries, which is the main cause of vision loss in patients with DR. Nowadays, there are various treatments for DME, and the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the first-line treatment is remarkable, but there are some patients who do not have any regression or recurrence after regular anti-VEGF treatment, and there are patients with no response or responding to anti-VEGF treatment. However, in some patients, edema does not subside or recurs after regular anti-VEGF treatment, and DME with no or poor response to anti-VEGF occurs. Currently, the treatment methods include conversion of anti-VEGF drugs, corticosteroids, lasers, surgeries, and combination therapies, and there is no clear guideline on the treatment of refractory DME. This article reviews articles related to the treatment of refractory DME at home and abroad and intends to provide references for the treatment options of refractory DME in the future.

Visual health is one of the important indicators of physical health of adolescents and children, including myopia, amblyopia, strabismus and other poor visual acuity problems, which have a wide and profound impact on the individual growth and development of adolescents and children, family life quality, social sustainable development and economic level, and is currently a major public health and social problem. Through combing research, summarizing the health promotion models and existing problems at home and abroad, leading the new era based on new ideas, starting a new journey with new missions, reconstructing the "family-school-medical-community-government" collaborative cooperation model based on the theory of health consciousness. Develop and innovate nested vision health management mode for adolescents and children and complete model construction. Combine existing resources, strengthen investment in related professional development, integrate professional training, value-leading and health awareness, effectively implement important directive spirit and phased goals of the Implementation Plan, effectively improve the vision level of adolescents and children, and promote the comprehensive development of vision health management mode. It will make up for the deficiency of the existing model, lay the theoretical and research foundation for promoting the vision health management model of adolescents and children nationwide, and at the same time, in order to accelerate the realization of Healthy China 2030, provide a larger scale and more systematic vision health care services, and further lead the high-quality development of the health level of the whole people.

Neurotrophic keratopathy is a disease related to degenerative changes in corneal nerves, resulting in impaired sensory and nutritive functions of corneal nerves. This leads to corneal epithelial defects, corneal ulcers, and corneal perforation. Currently, the main treatment modalities include pharmacotherapy, non-surgical interventions, and surgical treatment. However, drug therapy and non-surgical interventions often yield unsatisfactory results for severe neurotrophic keratopathy patients. Performing corneal transplantation in patients with unrecovered corneal sensation may result in persistent epithelial non-healing post-transplantation. Therefore, the restoration of corneal sensation is a crucial prerequisite for visual rehabilitation. Corneal neurotization emerges as an important and effective therapeutic approach for severe cases of neurotrophic keratopathy, aiming to restore corneal sensation and enhance corneal transparency. The procedure involves transplanting nerves from a donor with normal sensory function to the paralyzed sub-Tenon perilimbal space, allowing nerve endings to regenerate into the corneal stroma and restoring corneal sensory function. With continuous improvements in the technique of corneal neurotization, its favorable postoperative outcomes and advantages are becoming increasingly evident. This article, based on the team's experience in corneal nerve transplantation, elaborates on the treatment modalities for neurotrophic keratopathy and the application and prospects of various surgical techniques in corneal neurotization.

Rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase primarily involved in the regulation of nutrient levels, growth, and metabolism in vivo. mTOR serves as a crucial target for cancer, aging, and other metabolic diseases while participating in various biological processes such as proliferation, transdifferentiation, and autophagy. However, there is a scarcity of reviews on the mTOR gene's role in eye diseases. Studies have confirmed that mTOR exhibits close associations with pterygium, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, cataract formation, diabetic retinopathy (DR), uveal melanoma, and other ocular conditions. Therefore, this paper provides a concise review of the role played by the mTOR gene along with its expression levels and signaling pathways within related eye diseases. The aim is to offer insights into their pathological mechanisms and potential treatments while paving the way for further research.

Bowman layer transplantation (BLT) has a good response in patients with advanced progressive keratoconus, improving corneal topography and visual acuity, and stabilizing dilation. BLT is challenging, but in recent years, several studies have elaborated on the efficacy, safety, and stability of BLT, and a technique has recently been developed to locate BL layer grafts on the anatomical BL layer or anterior matrix of the recipient to achieve results comparable to that of BL layer intrastromal grafts, which significantly simplifies this surgical technique and is conducive to the application and promotion of BLT.

Summary:Bowman layer transplantation (BLT) has a good response in patients with advanced progressive keratoconus, improving corneal topography and visual acuity, and stabilizing dilation. BLT is challenging, but in recent years, several studies have elaborated on the efficacy, safety, and stability of BLT, and a technique has recently been developed to locate BL layer grafts on the anatomical BL layer or anterior matrix of the recipient to achieve results comparable to that of BL layer intrastromal grafts, which significantly simplifies this surgical technique and is conducive to the application and promotion of BLT.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of demodex infectionin dry eye outpatients and analyze its associated influencing factors, aiming to provide guidance for the prevention and management ofdemodex-associated Ocular diseases. Methods: A convenient sampling method was employed to study 229 patients treated in the dry eye clinic of public specialized hospital in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province from May to November 2023. Questionnaire surveys and microscopic examinations of demodex in eyelashes were conducted. Results: The overall prevalence rate of demodex infection was 47.2%. One-Way ANOVAshowed that Residential environment and frequency of pillowcase and quilt cover changing and facial skin conditions were significantly associated with the presenceof demodex infection.Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that residentialenvironment and facial skin conditions were independent risk factors for developing a higher degree of demodex infection. Residential environment and facial skin conditions together accounted for 19.3% variation in the severity level of demodex infections.The regression equation between independent variablesand dependent variable is:1.644+0.273*residential environment-0.076*facial skin condition. Conclusions: Demodex infection is very common in dry eye outpatients of all ages and both sexes.Ocular demodex infection is more common in people who live in damp, dark environment and have facial skin diseases.

图1为Marfan氏综合征之晶体半脱位的局部特写。散瞳状态下，裂隙灯斜照显示晶状体曲率增加，尤其是后曲率增加更加明显；又加之下方可见丝丝缕缕的悬韧带，细细观察竟能区分出双股分离(晶状体前后两组悬韧带的部分松弛和断裂)，整体望去犹如火焰助推下准备腾空的一枚热气球。此照片的价值在于，能在直视下观察到活体晶状体的前后两组悬韧带，兼具有想象空间的美感。

Blindness prevention has been an important national policy in China. Previous strategies, such as deploying experienced cataract surgeons to rural areas and assisting in building local ophthalmology centers, had successfully decreased the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness. However, new challenges arise with the ageing population and the shift of the disease spectrum towards age-related eye diseases and myopia. With the constant technological boom, digital healthcare innovations in ophthalmology could immensely enhance screening and diagnosing capabilities. Artificial intelligence (AI) and telemedicine have been proven valuable in clinical ophthalmology settings. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge communication technology and AI in mobile clinics and remote surgeries is on the horizon, potentially revolutionizing blindness prevention and ophthalmic healthcare. The future of blindness prevention in China is poised to undergo significant transformation, driven by emerging challenges and new opportunities.