视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelial detachment, PED)是年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)的常见临床体征之一，也是反应患者视力预后的重要生物标志物。随着眼底影像技术的快速发展，PED分型依据从单一视角逐渐转变为多模式影像。眼底荧光素血管造影对PED分型进行了初探，吲哚菁绿血管造影的应用加强了对PED内血管成分的判断，光学相干断层扫描的问世使PED结构和内容物的可视化水平得到提高，多模式影像的应用则兼顾了对PED血管特性及内容物性质的判断，为进一步认识PED的发病机制和病程特征提供了重要支持，促进PED分型体系不断更新。PED现有分型种类繁多，概念之间存在交叉。文章通过回顾国内外关于AMD相关的PED研究现状，对分型系统、多模式影像特征及最新影像进展进行汇总，为PED的标准化诊疗和未来研究方向提供了系统参考，以期推动PED相关临床和研究的深入发展。

Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is one of the common manifestations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), posing a significant threat to the patients’ vision. With the rapid advancement of imaging technology, the visualization of PED structure and content has improved considerably. The diagnostic methods and classification systems of PED are also evolving, enabling researchers to further explore its pathogenesis and disease course. However, current PED classification systems are numerous, with overlapping concepts that may cause confusion. This article reviews existing relative literature on AMD-related PED, summarizing the classification systems, multimodal imaging features, and recent imaging advances. The objective of this article is to standardize the diagnosis and guide treatment of PED, to provide systematic reference to the future research, ultimately advancing both clinical and research efforts related to PED.

泪道阻塞是临床常见的眼科疾病，主要表现为溢泪、反复感染等症状，严重影响患者的生活质量。传统治疗方法主要采用硅胶或金属支架置入术，这些材料虽然能够暂时维持泪道通畅，但由于其不可降解性、容易移位、易形成生物膜导致感染等固有缺陷，往往需要二次手术取出，给患者带来额外的痛苦和经济负担。随着材料科学和生物医学工程的发展，新型支架材料的研发为解决这些问题提供了新的思路。文章聚焦新型材料如可降解材料、3D打印个性化支架、复合材料及表面改性技术等，这些材料可通过材料降解、精准适配或多功能整合提升临床疗效，但在降解速率调控、3D打印精度及成本方面仍面临诸多挑战。此外，这些新技术的长期安全性和有效性还需要更多临床数据的支持，在未来仍需不断探索，开发更精准的降解速率调控方法，优化3D打印流程以提高精度，降低材料制备的成本，探索更高效的复合材料制备技术。同时，要加强基础研究，推动更多创新技术在临床的应用，开发出更安全、更有效的新型泪道支架材料，为泪道阻塞患者提供更优质的治疗方案，推动泪道疾病治疗向精准微创化方向发展。

Lacrimal duct obstruction is a common clinical ophthalmic condition characterized by symptoms such as epiphora and recurrent infections, significantly impairing patients' quality of life. Traditional treatments primarily involve the implantation of silicone or metal stents. While these materials can temporarily maintain lacrimal duct patency, their inherent drawbacks—such as non-degradability, susceptibility to displacement, and tendency to form biofilms leading to infections—often necessitate secondary surgeries for removal, imposing additional physical and financial burdens on patients.Advances in materials science and biomedical engineering have introduced novel stent materials as potential solutions to these challenges. This article focuses on emerging materials such as biodegradable polymers, 3D-printed personalized stents, composite materials, and surface modification technologies. These innovations can enhance clinical outcomes through material degradation, precise customization, or multifunctional integration. However, challenges remain in regulating degradation rates, improving 3D printing precision, and reducing costs.Furthermore, the longterm safety and efficacy of these technologies require more clinical data for validation. Future research should explore more precise degradation rate control methods, optimize 3D printing processes to enhance accuracy, lower material production costs, and develop more efficient composite material fabrication techniques. Concurrently, strengthening fundamental research and promoting the clinical application of innovative technologies will be crucial to developing safer and more effective lacrimal duct stent materials. Such advancements will provide superior treatment options for patients with lacrimal duct obstruction and drive the field toward minimally invasive and precision medicine approaches.

真菌性角膜炎是我国常见的致盲性眼病，其中排前3位的致病病原菌分别为曲霉菌、镰刀菌以及念珠菌。念珠菌作为一种条件致病真菌，在宿主免疫功能低下或眼表微环境失衡时易引发机会性感染，其发病率因免疫抑制药物的滥用以及隐形眼镜佩戴的增加等因素逐年上升。在机会感染后，由于念珠菌本身以及生物膜形成的特殊作用，常导致其对现用系统性抗真菌药物，如伏立康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑及氟康唑等耐药性增加。近年来，关于纳米材料介导的药物传递系统作用于治疗念珠菌角膜炎的研究日益增多，新型纳米材料通过作为抗真菌药物的载体，增加药物溶解度，延长眼表停留时间，加强生物膜、角膜穿透性，提高了抗真菌药物对念珠菌的抗菌作用，为解决念珠菌感染耐药性难题提供了新思路。文章综述了纳米聚合物、纳米颗粒、纳米凝胶、脂质体载体、纳米立方体、纳米微针和纳米胶束等新型纳米材料作为治疗念珠菌角膜炎的新型给药载体的研究现状与进展，突破传统疗法的局限，为改善目前临床存在抗真菌治疗药物有限的问题提供新的可行思路。

Fungal keratitis is a prevalent blinding ocular disease in China, with Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Candida ranking as the top three pathogenic fungi. As an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, Candida readily causes opportunistic infections when host immunity is compromised or the ocular surface microenvironment is imbalanced. The incidence of Candida keratitis has been rising annually due to factors such as the misuse of immunosuppressive drugs and increased contact lens wear. Following infection, Candida itself and the formation of biofilms contribute to enhanced resistance against currently used systemic antifungal agents, including voriconazole, amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole, posing significant challenges to clinical treatment.Recently, research on nanomaterials-mediated drug delivery systems for treating Candida keratitis has burgeoned. Novel nanomaterials, serving as carriers for antifungal drugs, enhance therapeutic efficacy by improving drug solubility, prolonging ocular surface retention time, penetrating biofilms, and enhancing corneal permeability. These advancements offer new strategies to address drug resistance in Candida infections. This article reviews the research status and progress of emerging nanomaterials—such as nanopolymers, nanoparticles, nanogels, liposomal carriers, nanocubes, nanoneedles, and nanomicelles—as innovative drug delivery vectors for Candida keratitis. By overcoming the limitations of conventional therapies, these nanomaterials provide feasible solutions to the clinical challenges of limited antifungal options and drug resistance. The integration of nanotechnology holds promise for revolutionizing the treatment of Candida keratitis and advancing precision medicine for ocular surface fungal infections.

慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(cCSC)以广泛的脉络膜视网膜异常为特征，包括脉络膜血管扩张及其引发的弥漫性视网膜色素上皮病变和浆液性视网膜脱离，常累及黄斑区，引起视功能损害。传统观点认为其可能由急性CSC演变而来，但近期研究显示两者在临床上存在明显差异。其病情反复、迁延，预后较差。随着光学相干断层扫描血管造影(OCTA)、超广角成像和en face重建成像等新多模式影像(MMI)技术的出现和人工智能及机器学习的发展，更多有意义的cCSC影像学特征不断出现。文章详细介绍了cCSC在眼底成像、眼底自发荧光(FAF)、光学相干断层扫描(OCT)、眼底荧光素血管造影(FFA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影和OCTA等影像技术中的表现，并探讨了人工智能在识别CSC分类及其OCT 生物标志物等方面的应用。不同影像技术在cCSC的诊断和研究中各有优势，如FAF可能是评估疾病进展及变化的有效手段，OCT可更直观地观察视网膜结构的改变，FFA是识别渗漏点的重要检查手段，而OCTA可能是评估脉络膜微循环的的最佳手段等。这些MMI研究进展为深入了解cCSC的病理生理机制及临床特征提供了重要线索，有助于提高诊断的准确性和效率，改善患者的预后和生活质量。

Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) is characterized by extensive retinochoroidal abnormalities. This includes difuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy and serous retinal detachment associated with choroidal vasodilatation, ofen involving the macula and cause visual impairment. It was originally considered that it might evolve from acute CSC, but recent studies have shown significant clinical differences between the two. It tends to recur, be prolonged, and have an unfavorable prognosis. With the advent of new multimodal imaging (MMI) techniques such as optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), ultra-wide-feld imaging, and en face reconstruction imaging, along with the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning, more significant cCSC imaging characteristics have been constantly emerging. Tis article provides a comprehensive overview of cCSC’s imaging features across various modalities, including fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fuorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography, and OCTA. It also explores the application of artifcial intelligence in identifying CSC classifications and OCT biomarkers. Different imaging techniques have their own advantages in the diagnosis and study of cCSC, such as FAF being an efective means to assess disease progression and changes, OCT providing a more intuitive observation of retinal structural changes, FFA being an important tool for identifying leakage points, and OCTA possibly being the best means to assess choroidal microcirculation. Tese MMI research advancements ofer crucial insights for clinicians, aiding in more accurate diagnosis and efective treatment, thereby potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)是老年人视力丧失的主要原因之一，其中新生血管性AMD (neovascular AMD, nAMD)以其进展迅速、严重损伤视力的特点，成为全球眼科研究的焦点。随着人口老龄化加剧，nAMD的疾病负担日益沉重，对其发病机制的深入研究和有效治疗策略的探 索迫在眉睫。近年来，高通量组学技术的蓬勃发展为解析nAMD复杂的分子病理机制提供了前所未有的机遇。基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学以及多组学整合分析，不仅有助于深入挖掘疾病相关的关键分子、通路和网络，也为发现新的生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点提供了新的视角。文章系统综述了近年来分子组学技术在nAMD研究中的最新进展，重点关注不同组学方法在各类生物样本研究中 的发现，分析多组学整合在揭示疾病机制和筛选生物标志物方面的优势，以期为该领域的未来研究提供参考。

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss in elderly population. Among its subtypes, neovascular AMD (nAMD) has become a global focus in ophthalmological research due to its rapid progression and severe vision impairment. With the acceleration of population aging, the disease burden of nAMD is increasingly heavy, making it urgent to conduct in-depth research on its pathogenesis and explore effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the rapid development of high-throughput omics technologies has provided unprecedented opportunities to decipher the complex molecular pathological mechanisms of nAMD. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration analyses have not only helped to deeply explore disease-related key molecules, pathways, and networks but also provided new perspectives for discovering novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in molecular omics technologies in nAMD research, focusing on findings from different omics approaches across various biological samples, and analyzes the advantages of multi-omics integration in revealing disease mechanisms and screening biomarkers, aiming to provide references for future research in this field.

巨噬细胞样细胞(macrophage-like cells, MLC)指起源、功能与巨噬细胞类似的免疫细胞，包括小胶质细胞、玻璃体细胞及巨噬细胞。将en face OCT显示层面设置在视网膜表明即可观测到视网膜表明的 MLC(epiretinal MLC, eMLC)，随后利用ImageJ软件即可对细胞进行提取和量化。研究表明，eMLC在炎症情况下均可出现细胞募集及活化现象，但在不同眼底病中各具特点。在糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜静脉阻塞等视网膜缺血缺氧性疾病中，eMLC密度越高，黄斑水肿可能越严重。此外，eMLC密度更高的视网膜静脉阻塞患者抗VEGF疗效更差，视力预后不佳，提示基于en face OCT的eMLC不仅可用于评估视网膜炎情况，而且还能充当提示疾病疗效及预后的标志物。在葡萄膜炎等免疫炎症性疾病中，en face OCT亦可观测到eMLC密度、形态等改变。白塞病葡萄膜炎患者视网膜血管渗漏程度与eMLC密度相关性强，故eMLC密度可充当无创评估视网膜血管渗漏程度的新指标。然而，目前提取和量化eMLC的方法及标准不统一，降低了各研究间的可比性。因此，亟需制定统一的操作规范和评估标准。此外eMLC 所代表的具体细胞类型及功能仍需进一步探究。未来，研究者可以利用en face OCT对眼底炎症地进行无创评估。基于en face OCT的eMLC还能作为基础研究与临床研究之间的桥梁，为揭示疾病的致病机制提供重要参考。

Macrophage-like cells (MLC) refer to immune cells that originate from and function similarly to macrophages, including microglia, hyalocytes, and macrophages themselves. By setting the display level of en face OCT to the retinal surface, epiretinal MLC (eMLC) can be observed and subsequently extracted and quantified using ImageJ software. Studies indicate that eMLC can exhibit cell recruitment and activation in inflammatory conditions, each displaying distinct characteristics in different retinal diseases. In ischemic and hypoxic retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, higher densities of eMLC are associated with more severe macularedema. Moreover, patients with retinal vein occlusion showing higher eMLC densities tend to have poorer responses to anti-VEGF treatments and worse visual prognoses, suggesting that eMLC identified via en face OCT can be used not only to assess retinal inflammation but also as biomarkers for disease efficacy and prognosis. In immune-inflammatory diseases like uveitis, changes in eMLC density and morphology can also be observed through en face OCT. Inpatients with Beh?et's disease, a strong correlation exists between the degree of retinal vascular leakage and eMLC density, making eMLC density a potential non-invasive marker for assessing retinal vascular leakage. However, the current methods and standards for extracting and quantifying eMLC are not unified, significantly reducing comparability between studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish uniform operational protocols and assessment standards. Furthermore, the specific cell types and functions represented by eMLC observed via en face OCT require further investigation. In the future, en face OCT could be utilized for non-invasive assessment of retinal inflammation. eMLC based onen face OCT could also serve as a bridge between basic research and clinical studies, providing valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases.

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)作为糖尿病的一种常见并发症是导致工作年龄人群失明的主要原因。血糖变异性(glycemic variability, GV)指血糖波动的程度。最新研究表明，GV与糖尿病患者的代谢状况和微血管病变密切相关。该文综述了GV对DR的影响及其研究进展。GV是指血糖水平在高点和低点之间波动的不稳定状态，分为长期GV和短期GV。长期GV主要通过空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose, FPG)、餐后血糖(postprandial plasma glucose, PPG)和糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c)评估，短期GV则通过血糖标准差(standard deviation, SD)、变异系数(coefficient of variation, CV)、低血糖指数(low blood glucose index, LBGI)等指标量化。研究表明，GV是糖尿病大管和微血管并发症的重要风险预测因子，与冠状动脉综合征、心肌梗死、脑卒中、糖尿病肾病、周围神经病变等密切相关。在DR方面，GV可能是其进展的风险因素，高GV会加剧氧化应激、炎症反应、内皮功能障碍和新生血管生成，从而促进DR的发展。治疗策略包括动态血糖监测系统、药物干预(如基础胰岛素、阿格列汀等)、合理饮食和运动等，这些方法可改善GV，降低并发症风险，提高患者预后和生活质量。

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and is a leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. Glycemic variability (GV) refers to the degree of fluctuation in blood glucose levels. Recent studies have shown that GV is closely related to the metabolic status and microvascular complications in patients with diabetes. This article reviews the impact of glycemic variability (GV) on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the latest research progress.GV is defined as the unstable state of blood glucose levels fluctuating between highs and lows, which is categorized into long-term GV and short-term GV. Long-term GV is mainly assessed through fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Short-term GV is quantified by indicators such as the standard deviation of blood glucose (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and low blood glucose index (LBGI).Studies have shown that GV is an important risk predictor for both macrovascular and microvascular complications in diabetic patients, being closely associated with conditions such as coronary artery syndrome, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetic nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Regarding DR, GV is likely a risk factor for its progression. High GV can exacerbate oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and neovascularization, thereby promoting the development of DR.Treatment strategies include continuous glucose monitoring systems, pharmacological interventions (such as basal insulin, alogliptin, etc.), as well as proper diet and exercise. These approaches can improve GV, reduce the risk of complications, and enhance patients' prognosis and quality of life.

肥厚型脉络膜谱系疾病(pachychoroid disease, PCD)是一组以病理性脉络膜增厚为共同特征的疾病谱系。其特征性改变包括Haller层脉络膜血管扩张，脉络膜毛细血管层和Sattler层变薄，以及肥厚血管(pachyvessels)上视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE)的异常。PCD主要包括单纯肥厚型脉络膜病变(uncomplicated pachychoroid, UCP)、肥厚型脉络膜色素上皮病变(pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, PPE)、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serous chorioretinopathy, CSC)、肥厚型脉络膜新生血管病变(pachychoroid neovasculopathy, PNV)和息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, PCV)。传统眼底检查因单张成像局限于后极部，难以全面评估病变范围。广角影像技术突破了这一局限，其成像范围覆盖后极部至赤道部涡静脉壶腹部(约60°~100°)，而超广角成像更可达后极部至锯齿缘(约 110°~220°)。这一技术的进步不仅扩大了PCD眼底病灶的观察范围，更提升了对脉络膜结构和功能的评估能力，为深化研究PCD的发病机制提供了新的视角。近年来，基于深度学习的人工智能技术在PCD辅助诊断方面取得重要突破，展现出优异的PCD相关疾病识别和分类能力，有助于显著提升基层医疗机构诊断效率，并推动医疗资源优化配置。文章综述了广角眼底影像技术在PCD评估与诊断中的研究进展，旨在为眼科临床工作者和研究者提供最新的技术应用视角，并为进一步探索PCD的病理机制和诊疗方法奠定科学基础。

Pachychoroid disease (PCD) represents a group of disorders characterized by pathological choroidal thickening. The characteristic changes include dilated choroidal vessels in Haller's layer, thinning of the choriocapillaris and Sattler's layer, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities overlying the pachyvessels. The PCD primarily encompasses uncomplicated pachychoroid (UCP), pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Traditional fundus examination is limited to the posterior pole in single-frame imaging, making it challenging to comprehensively evaluate the extent of lesions. Wide-field imaging technology has overcome this limitation, with its imaging range covering from the posterior pole to the ampulla of vortex veins at the equator (approximately 60-100°), while ultra-wide-field imaging can extend from the posterior pole to the pars plana (approximately 110-220°). This technological advancement has not only expanded the observation range of PCD fundus lesions but also enhanced the assessment capabilities of choroidal structure and function, providing new perspectives for investigating PCD pathogenesis. In recent years, deep learning-based artificial intelligence technology has achieved significant breakthroughs in PCD-assisted diagnosis, demonstrating excellent capability in identifying and classifying PCD-related diseases. This has contributed to significantly improving diagnostic efficiency in primary healthcare institutions and optimizing medical resource allocation. This review summarizes the advances in wide-field fundus imaging technologies for the assessment and diagnosis of PCD.

急性渗出性多形性卵黄样黄斑病变(acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy, AEPVM)是一种在临床较为罕见的眼底疾病，主要表现为黄斑区神经上皮脱离以及后极部卵黄样物质的沉积。至今，其具体发病机制仍未完全明确，但可能与全身感染、自身免疫反应或副肿瘤综合征等因素密切相关。在临床表现上，患者往往会出现轻微视力减退或畏光等症状，眼底后极部可见斑点状黄白色病灶，这些病灶在自发荧光中呈现相对较高的自发荧光。荧光素眼底血管造影时，病灶区域通常不会出现荧光素渗漏现象。OCT检查能够揭示椭圆体带的显著增厚以及神经上皮层内囊腔样改变。迄今为止，对于这一疾病的治疗尚未有确立的方案。文章综述了AEPVM的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断、发病机制以及治疗方面的最新研究进展。急性渗出性多形性卵黄样黄斑病变的自然病程复杂多样，其诊断与鉴别诊断仍面临重大挑战，深入掌握该疾病的临床表现与影像学特征，对于未来深化对其发病机制的理解及开发有效治疗策略具有重要意义。

Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy (AEPVM) is a clinically rare fundus disease characterized primarily by neurosensory detachment in the macular area and accumulation of vitelliform material in the posterior pole. The exact cause is unclear and may be related to systemic infections, autoimmune responses, or paraneoplastic syndromes. Clinical manifestations usually include mild vision loss or photophobia, and yellow-white deposits can be seen in the posterior pole of the fundus, exhibiting relatively higher autofluorescence in spontaneous fluorescence. Fundus fluorescein angiography typically does not show leakage of fluorescein in the lesion area. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)examination can reveal thickening of the ellipsoid zone and cystic changes within the neurosensory layer. Currently, there is no explicit treatment plan. This article reviews the clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment-related research progress of acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy. In summary, the natural course of acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy is complex and diverse, and its diagnosis and differential diagnosis remain challenging. A deeper understanding of the clinical presentations and imaging characteristics of acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy will facilitate further research and exploration to clarify its pathological mechanisms and identify effective treatment methods in the future.

Schlemm管(Schlemm’ s canal, SC)作为房水流出的主要通道，通过调节房水外排来维持眼内压的平衡，其结构和功能的异常与高眼压及青光眼的发生发展密切相关。对SC的研究有助于阐明房水外排阻滞的发生机制、探索促进房水外排新的途径，从而为降低眼压和青光眼治疗的新药物开发提供理论基础。目前，对SC发育和功能的调节机制的认识仍然有限，缺乏针对SC的特异性治疗策略。近年来，关于SC细胞命运决定及其结构发育的细胞学机制逐渐被揭示，功能调控的关键分子靶标也相继被发现，这促进了对SC结构和功能调控的深入理解。此外，作为降眼压药物靶点和针对性手术的创新应用也在不断拓展。文章系统回顾SC的结构与功能研究，总结关键的分子和细胞学调控机制，归纳SC相关药物和手术疗法的最新进展，为青光眼的临床诊治提供了新的思路。

Schlemm管(Schlemm’ s canal, SC)作为房水流出的主要通道，通过调节房水外排来维持眼内压的平衡，其结构和功能的异常与高眼压及青光眼的发生发展密切相关。对SC的研究有助于阐明房水外排阻滞的发生机制、探索促进房水外排新的途径，从而为降低眼压和青光眼治疗的新药物开发提供理论基础。目前，对SC发育和功能的调节机制的认识仍然有限，缺乏针对SC的特异性治疗策略。近年来，关于SC细胞命运决定及其结构发育的细胞学机制逐渐被揭示，功能调控的关键分子靶标也相继被发现，这促进了对SC结构和功能调控的深入理解。此外，作为降眼压药物靶点和针对性手术的创新应用也在不断拓展。文章系统回顾SC的结构与功能研究，总结关键的分子和细胞学调控机制，归纳SC相关药物和手术疗法的最新进展，为青光眼的临床诊治提供了新的思路。