近年来，使用人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)技术对临床大数据及图像进行分析，对疾病做出智能诊断、预测并提出诊疗决策，AI正逐步成为辅助临床及科研的先进技术。生物样本库作为收集临床信息和样本供科研使用的平台，是临床与科研的桥梁，也是临床信息与科研数据的集成平台。影响生物样本库使用效率及合理共享的因素有信息化建设水平不均衡、获取的临床及检验信息不完全、各库之间信息不对称等。本文对AI和区块链技术在生物样本库建设中的具体应用场景进行探讨，展望大数据时代智能生物样本库信息化建设的核心方向。

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been applied to analyze clinical big data and images and then make intelligent diagnosis, prediction and treatment decisions. It is gradually becoming an advanced technology to assist clinical and scientific research. Biobank is a platform for collecting clinical information and samples for scientific research, serving as a bridge between clinical and scientific research. It is also an integrated platform of clinical information and scientific research data. However, there are some challenges. First, clinical and laboratory information obtained is incomplete. Additionally, the information among different databases is asymmetric, which seriously impedes the information sharing among different Biobanks. In this article, the specific application scenarios of AI technology and blockchain in the construction of a Biobank were discussed, aiming to pinpoint the core direction of the information construction of an intelligent Biobank in the era of big data.

当下，我国眼科的发展存在失衡现象，大城市与农村及偏远地区在眼科相关诊疗设施水平、诊疗技术等方面存在巨大差异，仍需探寻新的智能诊疗模式以解决失衡问题。由于眼球是唯一可以直接观察人体血管和神经的器官，眼部可反映其他脏器的健康状态，部分眼科检查的医学图像可对眼部疾病做出诊断等特点，眼科开展人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)具有独到的优势。此外，人工智能可在一定程度上提高跨时间空间传递信息的精准度及效率。人工智能在眼科及远程信息传递的优势为解决眼科发展失衡状况提供了助力。本文从眼科人工智能在眼科远程医疗相关应用的角度，主要分析并总结当下我国人工智能在眼科相关疾病远程医疗中的发展程度、所具优势以及存在问题，并讨论眼科人工智能在远程医疗的应用展望。

At present, there is an imbalance in the development of ophthalmology in China. There are huge differences in the level of ophthalmology related facilities, diagnosis and treatment technologies between big cities and rural, remote areas. New intelligent diagnosis and treatment models are still needed to solve the imbalance. Since the eye is the only organ that can directly observe the blood vessels and nerves of the human body, the eye can reflect the health status of other organs and diagnosis of eye diseases based on medical images of some ophthalmic examinations can be made as well as other characteristics. Therefore, the development of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology has unique advantages. In addition, artificial intelligence can improve the accuracy and efficiency of information transmission across time and space to a certain extent. The advantages of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology and telematics are helping to solve the imbalance in ophthalmology development. From the perspective of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine, this paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the development degree, advantages and existing problems of artificial intelligence in the telemedicine of ophthalmic diseases in China, and discusses the prospect of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine.

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease，PD)是老年人常见的神经系统退行性疾病，眼部及视觉功能障碍是PD常见的非运动症状之一，进一步影响其生活质量。已有研究表明PD患者视网膜内存在多巴胺浓度的减少以及α突触核蛋白的沉积。目前，PD仍缺乏有效的早期诊断及病情评估工具，光学相干断层扫描及光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术可以显示视网膜各层微细结构及微血管的异常，应用该技术研究者发现PD患者视乳头旁视网膜神经纤维层及黄斑区视网膜的厚度均存在不同程度的变薄，视网膜浅层及深层毛细血管丛的毛细血管密度和复杂性下降。进一步研究者应用该技术在PD临床应用中进行了探索，并发现其可用于检测早期PD中发生的病理变化，反映疾病的病程及严重程度，并且在鉴别诊断中起到一定的作用。总而言之，视网膜相关检测可能成为评估PD患者脑病理严重程度的指标，并且帮助疾病诊断和监测疾病的进展，不过这仍需要大样本、多中心的重复研究以提供更多理论依据。

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, and ocular and visual dysfunction is one of the common non-motor symptoms of PD, further affecting PD patients’quality of life. Reduced dopamine concentrations and deposition of α-synuclein in the retina of PD patients have been shown in studies. At present, there is still a lack of effective tools for early diagnosis and assessment of PD. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography can reveal abnormalities in the microstructure and microvasculature of the retinal layers, and researchers applying these techniques have found that the thickness of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and the retina in the macula in PD patients have had varying degrees of thinning, and the density and complexity of capillaries in the superficial and deep capillary plexus of the retina have been reduced. Further, investigators have explored the clinical application of these techniques in PD and have found that they can be used to detect pathological changes occurring in early PD, reflect the course and severity of the disease, and play a role in differential diagnosis. In conclusion, retinal-correlated testing may be an indicator to assess the severity of brain pathology in PD patients and to aid in disease diagnosis and monitoring the progression of PD, although large sample, multicenter replication studies are still needed to provide more reliable results.

目的：探讨环保试剂在眼科组织病理技术中的应用。方法：选取中山眼科中心2023年6月—2024年3月送检病理科手术标本190 例，一式两份分别采用环保试剂和传统试剂固定、脱水、透明、浸蜡、染色和封片，对两组试剂制片和染色的组织切片进行评价和判读、比较。结果：环保试剂组脱水、染色处理组织与传统试剂组相比，脱水效果良好，切片软硬适中，切面完整、无裂隙；苏木精-伊红(hematoxylineosin, HE)染色镜下可见细胞核结构清晰、核质对比鲜明、背景干净，两组优良片率分别为97.9%、98.4%，各级片差异无统计学意义(Z = –0.645，P=0.519)；免疫组织化学染色的组织抗原性完好，阳性信号强、定位准确，无背景染色。结论：应用环保试剂替代传统试剂在眼科组织标本中脱水、染色应用效果良好，可满足病理日常制片和染色需求，全流程无二甲苯，具有环保优点，成本可控，值得推广应用。

Objective: To investigate the utilization of environmentally-sustainable reagents in ophthalmic tissue pathology techniques. Methods: We prospectively collected 190 surgical specimens submitted to the pathology department of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between June 2023 and March 2024. Each specimen was divided into two sets, one treated with environmentally-sustainable reagents and the other with conventional reagents for fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, staining, and mounting. The quality of histological sections from both groups was evaluated and compared. Results: Compared to the conventional reagent group, environmentally-sustainable reagent group showed good dehydration performance, moderately soft and hard tissue sections with intact cut surfaces and no cracks. H&E staining sections prepared with environmentally-sustainable reagents exhibited clear nuclear structures, distinct nuclear-cytoplasmic contrast, and clean backgrounds. The excellent section rates were 97.9% and 98.4% for the two, respectively. There was no significant difference in section quality between the two groups (Z = –0.645, P = 0.519). Tissue antigenicity was well-preserved during immunohistochemical procedures, with strong positive signals and accurate localization without background staining. Conclusions: The use of environmentally-sustainable reagents as a replacement for conventional reagents in the dehydration and staining of ophthalmic tissue yields satisfactory results, meeting the daily requirements for routine histological sectioning and staining. The entire process is xylene-free, environmentally-sustainable, cost-effective and worth being applied widely.

Purpose: To investigate gender differences in lens thickness (LT) and central anterior chamber depth (ACD) in normal subjects, and to assess age-associated changes in these measures.

Methods: The anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) of 150 normal subjects (150 eyes) were measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Gender differences were assessed by independent t-test, and correlation analysis was used to examine the effect of age.

Results: The mean values of ACD and LT were 2.69 ± 0.32 mm and 4.85 ± 0.43 mm, respectively. Women had a significantly lower mean ACD as compared to men (2.56 ± 0.33 mm vs. 2.85 ± 0.29 mm; P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in LT between male and female subjects (P > 0.05). Correlation analysis findings suggest that LT increases with age (r = 0.83,P < 0.05)，and that ACD decreases with age (r=-0.57,P < 0.05). After controlling for LT, no significant correlation was observed between age and ACD (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The ACD of female subjects was, on average, shallower than that of their male counterparts. Aging was associated with increasing LT, and the observed narrowing of ACD with age might be partially mediated by the increasing LT. (Eye Science 2012; 27:124-126)

Keywords: anterior chamber; lens; age; primary angle-closure glaucoma

Purpose: To investigate gender differences in lens thickness (LT) and central anterior chamber depth (ACD) in normal subjects, and to assess age-associated changes in these measures.

Methods: The anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) of 150 normal subjects (150 eyes) were measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Gender differences were assessed by independent t-test, and correlation analysis was used to examine the effect of age.

Results: The mean values of ACD and LT were 2.69 ± 0.32 mm and 4.85 ± 0.43 mm, respectively. Women had a significantly lower mean ACD as compared to men (2.56 ± 0.33 mm vs. 2.85 ± 0.29 mm; P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in LT between male and female subjects (P > 0.05). Correlation analysis findings suggest that LT increases with age (r = 0.83,P < 0.05)，and that ACD decreases with age (r=-0.57,P < 0.05). After controlling for LT, no significant correlation was observed between age and ACD (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The ACD of female subjects was, on average, shallower than that of their male counterparts. Aging was associated with increasing LT, and the observed narrowing of ACD with age might be partially mediated by the increasing LT. (Eye Science 2012; 27:124-126)

Keywords: anterior chamber; lens; age; primary angle-closure glaucoma

Purpose: To evaluate the application of a high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel and methylene blue staining in the endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy.

Methods: This retrospective study included 37 patients (43 eyes) undergoing endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy in our hospital between 2011 and 2013 using methylene blue staining of the lacrimal sac and a high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel for cutting nasal mucosa,intraoperative stanch,and fixation of lacrimal sac and nasal mucosal flaps.Surgical efficacy,in- traoperative challenges,and corresponding handling methods were evaluated and summarized.

Results: Among 43 eyes, 42 were successfully cured(97.7%) and the symptoms in 1 eye were improved (2.3%). Total efficacy rate was 100%. All surgeries were successfully performed. No severe intraoperative complications were observed.

Conclusion: A high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel,combined with methylene blue staining of the lacrimal sac, is efficacious for nasal mucosal cutting,intraoperative stanch,and fixation of mucosal flap by cauterization, which significantly alleviates intraoperative complications and enhances surgical success rate.It deserves widespread application in clinical practice.

Purpose: To evaluate the application of a high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel and methylene blue staining in the endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy.

Methods: This retrospective study included 37 patients (43 eyes) undergoing endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy in our hospital between 2011 and 2013 using methylene blue staining of the lacrimal sac and a high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel for cutting nasal mucosa,intraoperative stanch,and fixation of lacrimal sac and nasal mucosal flaps.Surgical efficacy,in- traoperative challenges,and corresponding handling methods were evaluated and summarized.

Results: Among 43 eyes, 42 were successfully cured(97.7%) and the symptoms in 1 eye were improved (2.3%). Total efficacy rate was 100%. All surgeries were successfully performed. No severe intraoperative complications were observed.

Conclusion: A high-frequency electrosurgical scalpel,combined with methylene blue staining of the lacrimal sac, is efficacious for nasal mucosal cutting,intraoperative stanch,and fixation of mucosal flap by cauterization, which significantly alleviates intraoperative complications and enhances surgical success rate.It deserves widespread application in clinical practice.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of using coreoplasty and an iris-supported Artisan intraocular lens (IOL) for mydriasis and aphakic correction in post-traumatic vitrectomized eyes.

Methods: A total of 17 aphakic patients were admitted between April 2009 and April 2010 to the ophthalmologic department of Xiamen Eye Centre. All eyes had previously received lens removal and vitrectomy. After the retina stabilized and corrected visual acuity improved, the iris was sutured. The Artisan IOL was fixated onto the iris surface. Patients were followed-up at one day, one week, one month, and three months postoperatively. The following outcomes were assessed: symptoms of photophobia and glare, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell density (ECD). The diameter of the pupil and the anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured by the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Results: Artisan IOLs were successfully implanted in all aphakic eyes. Postoperatively, improvement was observed in photophobia and glare symptoms. UCVA was enhanced in all patients (six eyes had better UCVA postoperatively than BCVA preoperatively). However, there were no significant changes in IOP. Mean loss of ECD was 336.06 cells/mm². Mean postoperative pupil diameter was 3.67±0.41 mm, compared with 5.67±0.57 mm preoperatively ( P<0.05). Mean ACD was reduced by 0.88 mm ( 3.38±0.33 mm preoperatively vs 2.50±0.35 mm postoperatively, P<0.05).

Conclusion: Surgery that combined coreoplasty and Artisan IOL implantation was a safe and effective treatment for correcting aphakia and mydriasis in post-traumatic vitrectomized eyes. (Eye Science 2012; 27:119-123)

Keywords: Coreoplasty; Iris-supported Artisan intraocular lens; Vitrectomized aphakic eyes

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of using coreoplasty and an iris-supported Artisan intraocular lens (IOL) for mydriasis and aphakic correction in post-traumatic vitrectomized eyes.

Methods: A total of 17 aphakic patients were admitted between April 2009 and April 2010 to the ophthalmologic department of Xiamen Eye Centre. All eyes had previously received lens removal and vitrectomy. After the retina stabilized and corrected visual acuity improved, the iris was sutured. The Artisan IOL was fixated onto the iris surface. Patients were followed-up at one day, one week, one month, and three months postoperatively. The following outcomes were assessed: symptoms of photophobia and glare, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell density (ECD). The diameter of the pupil and the anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured by the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Results: Artisan IOLs were successfully implanted in all aphakic eyes. Postoperatively, improvement was observed in photophobia and glare symptoms. UCVA was enhanced in all patients (six eyes had better UCVA postoperatively than BCVA preoperatively). However, there were no significant changes in IOP. Mean loss of ECD was 336.06 cells/mm². Mean postoperative pupil diameter was 3.67±0.41 mm, compared with 5.67±0.57 mm preoperatively ( P<0.05). Mean ACD was reduced by 0.88 mm ( 3.38±0.33 mm preoperatively vs 2.50±0.35 mm postoperatively, P<0.05).

Conclusion: Surgery that combined coreoplasty and Artisan IOL implantation was a safe and effective treatment for correcting aphakia and mydriasis in post-traumatic vitrectomized eyes. (Eye Science 2012; 27:119-123)

Keywords: Coreoplasty; Iris-supported Artisan intraocular lens; Vitrectomized aphakic eyesAbbreViation:ASV, anterior segment Vitrectomy; BCVA, best corrected Visual acuity ; CE, cataract eXtraction ; DO, deuterium oXide; ECD,
endothelial cell density ; EL, endolaser; F, female; FB, foreign body; IOL, intraocular lens; M, male; OD, right eye; OS, left eye; PPL,
pars plana lensectomy; PPV, pars plana Vitrectomy; UCVA, uncorrected Visual acuity.

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the genotyping of Foxp3-3279(A/ C,rs376158)genes in patients with dust mite-induced allergic conjunctivitis from Guangdong province and to explore the association between these genes and the susceptibility to dust mite allergic conjunctivitis.

Methods: In total, 80 patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis and 103 healthy Han Chinese were enrolled in the study and received genotyping of Foxp3-3279(A/C, rs376158) by PCR-SSP technique.

Results: Genotype frequency of Foxp3-3279 AA, CA, and CC in patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis were 1.25%, 25.00% and 73.75%, respectively. Gene frequency of C and A in patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis were 86.25% and 13.75% with no significant difference from healthy counterparts (both P>0.05).

Conclusion: Foxp3-3279 polymorphisms did not significantly differ between patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis and healthy controls, implying that this genetic locus is probably not an independent risk factor of the underlying pathogenesis of dust mite allergic conjunctivitis.

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the genotyping of Foxp3-3279(A/ C,rs376158)genes in patients with dust mite-induced allergic conjunctivitis from Guangdong province and to explore the association between these genes and the susceptibility to dust mite allergic conjunctivitis.

Methods: In total, 80 patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis and 103 healthy Han Chinese were enrolled in the study and received genotyping of Foxp3-3279(A/C, rs376158) by PCR-SSP technique.

Results: Genotype frequency of Foxp3-3279 AA, CA, and CC in patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis were 1.25%, 25.00% and 73.75%, respectively. Gene frequency of C and A in patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis were 86.25% and 13.75% with no significant difference from healthy counterparts (both P>0.05).

Conclusion: Foxp3-3279 polymorphisms did not significantly differ between patients with dust mite allergic conjunctivitis and healthy controls, implying that this genetic locus is probably not an independent risk factor of the underlying pathogenesis of dust mite allergic conjunctivitis.

Purpose: To observe the efficacy of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling combined with phacoemul, sification with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation in the treat, ment of cataract with co-existing macular diseases.
Methods: A total of 28 cataract patients (28 eyes) with co, existing macular diseases were admitted to Aier Eye Hospital between May 2008 and May 2011. The clinical characteristics were analyzed in this study.  Subjects included 6 men and 22 women, aged from 56 to 77 years(mean 64 years), with du, ration of disease ranging from 2 to 36 months (mean 9. 3 months). All patients underwent phacoemulsification with im, plantation of a hydrophobic acrylic IOL into the capsular bag and pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling.
Results: Postoperatively, patients underwent 3-to 18-months of follow-up(mean 7. 2 months). Only one eye had macular hole failing to close. Normal macular structure was restored in the other 27 eyes. The presenting visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) did not differ significantly (t=-1. 724, P=0. 096), with the BCVA in 27 eyes(96. 4% ) improving by 2 lines or more. The improvement in minimum angle of resolution(MAR)was >0. 3 in 21 eyes, ≥0. 1 in 6 eyes and<0. 1 in I eye.  The mean spherical equivalent(SE) was -4. 67±5. 98D preoperatively and -0. 38±0. 69D postopera, tively(t=4. 157, P<0. 005).
Conclusion: Combined phacovitrectomy surgery is a reliable and safe procedure in the treatment of cataract complicated by macular disease (Eye Science 2012;27:25-29)

Purpose: To observe the efficacy of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling combined with phacoemul, sification with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation in the treat, ment of cataract with co-existing macular diseases.
Methods: A total of 28 cataract patients (28 eyes) with co, existing macular diseases were admitted to Aier Eye Hospital between May 2008 and May 2011. The clinical characteristics were analyzed in this study.  Subjects included 6 men and 22 women, aged from 56 to 77 years(mean 64 years), with du, ration of disease ranging from 2 to 36 months (mean 9. 3 months). All patients underwent phacoemulsification with im, plantation of a hydrophobic acrylic IOL into the capsular bag and pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling.
Results: Postoperatively, patients underwent 3-to 18-months of follow-up(mean 7. 2 months). Only one eye had macular hole failing to close. Normal macular structure was restored in the other 27 eyes. The presenting visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) did not differ significantly (t=-1. 724, P=0. 096), with the BCVA in 27 eyes(96. 4% ) improving by 2 lines or more. The improvement in minimum angle of resolution(MAR)was >0. 3 in 21 eyes, ≥0. 1 in 6 eyes and<0. 1 in I eye.  The mean spherical equivalent(SE) was -4. 67±5. 98D preoperatively and -0. 38±0. 69D postopera, tively(t=4. 157, P<0. 005).
Conclusion: Combined phacovitrectomy surgery is a reliable and safe procedure in the treatment of cataract complicated by macular disease (Eye Science 2012;27:25-29)