Aims: Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics. While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options, they have limitations when dealing with large lesions. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser excision treatment for divided nevus of the eyelid. Methods: This retrospective study included 10 patients (5 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 23.7 years (9-54 years). All underwent CO₂ laser excision and were followed up for 12 months. Treatment outcomes were assessed through clearance and recurrence rates, evaluated using digital photography. Postoperative complications were closely monitored throughout the 12-month follow-up period. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a comprehensive questionnaire. Results:All patients presented with unilateral divided nevus of the eyelid, with lesion diameters ranging from 25 to 50 mm and heights ranging from 0.3 to 6 mm (mean: 3.93 mm). Patients received between 1 and 5 laser treatment sessions. At the 12-month follow-up, a 100% clearance rate was achieved, with no recurrence observed in any patient. All patients maintained a continuous eyelid margin with acceptable irregularity. Complications were minimal, with partial eyelash loss in 8 patients, hyperpigmentation in 2 patients, and mild upper eyelid trichiasis in 1 patient. No severe complications, such as ectropion, eyelid margin notching, corneal erosion, or significant scar hypertrophy, were reported. All patients expressed being "very satisfied" with the functional and cosmetic outcomes in a questionnaire. Conclusions: CO₂ laser excision offers a simple, precise, and effective treatment approach for divided nevus of the eyelid. This innovative technique simplifies the treatment process, achieves excellent cosmetic outcomes, and eliminates the need for skin grafting, making it a promising option for the management of large divided nevus.

Aims: Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics. While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options, they have limitations when dealing with large lesions. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser excision treatment for divided nevus of the eyelid. Methods: This retrospective study included 10 patients (5 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 23.7 years (9-54 years). All underwent CO₂ laser excision and were followed up for 12 months. Treatment outcomes were assessed through clearance and recurrence rates, evaluated using digital photography. Postoperative complications were closely monitored throughout the 12-month follow-up period. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a comprehensive questionnaire. Results: All patients presented with unilateral divided nevus of the eyelid, with lesion diameters ranging from 25 to 50 mm and heights ranging from 0.3 to 6 mm (mean: 3.93 mm). Patients received between 1 and 5 laser treatment sessions. At the 12-month follow-up, a 100% clearance rate was achieved, with no recurrence observed in any patient. All patients maintained a continuous eyelid margin with acceptable irregularity. Complications were minimal, with partial eyelash loss in 8 patients, hyperpigmentation in 2 patients, and mild upper eyelid trichiasis in 1 patient. No severe complications, such as ectropion, eyelid margin notching, corneal erosion, or significant scar hypertrophy, were reported. All patients expressed being "very satisfied" with the functional and cosmetic outcomes in a questionnaire. Conclusions: CO₂ laser excision offers a simple, precise, and effective treatment approach for divided nevus of the eyelid. This innovative technique simplifies the treatment process, achieves excellent cosmetic outcomes, and eliminates the need for skin grafting, making it a promising option for the management of large divided nevus.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, causes, and influencing factors of vision impairment in the elderly population aged 60 years and above in Mangxin Town, Kashgar region, Xinjiang, China. Located in a region characterized by intense ultraviolet radiation and arid climatic conditions, Mangxin Town presents unique environmental challenges that may exacerbate ocular health issues. Despite the global emphasis on addressing vision impairment among aging populations, there remains a paucity of updated and region-specific data in Xinjiang, necessitating this comprehensive assessment to inform targeted interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024, involving 1,311 elderly participants (76.76% participation rate) out of a total eligible population of 1,708 individuals aged ≥60 years. Participants underwent detailed ocular examinations, including assessments of uncorrected visual acuity (UVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using standard logarithmic charts, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT, Topcon DRI OCT Triton), fundus photography, and intraocular pressure measurement (Canon TX-20 Tonometer). A multidisciplinary team of 10 ophthalmologists and 2 local village doctors, trained rigorously in standardized protocols, ensured consistent data collection. Demographic, lifestyle, and medical history data were collected via questionnaires. Statistical analyses, performed using Stata 16, included multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors, with significance defined as P < 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of vision impairment was 13.21% (95% CI: 11.37–15.04), with low vision at 11.76% (95% CI: 10.01–13.50) and blindness at 1.45% (95% CI: 0.80–2.10). Cataract emerged as the leading cause, responsible for 68.20% of cases, followed by glaucoma (5.80%), optic atrophy (5.20%), and age-related macular degeneration (2.90%). Vision impairment prevalence escalated significantly with age: 7.74% in the 60–69 age group, 17.79% in 70–79, and 33.72% in those ≥80. Males exhibited higher prevalence than females (15.84% vs. 10.45%, P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed age ≥80 years (OR = 6.43, 95% CI: 3.79–10.90), male sex (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.83), and daily exercise (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20–0.95) as significant factors. History of eye disease showed a non-significant trend toward increased risk (OR = 1.49, P = 0.107). Education level, income, and smoking status showed no significant associations. Conclusion: This study underscores cataract as the predominant cause of vision impairment in Mangxin Town’s elderly population, with age and sex as critical determinants. The findings align with global patterns but highlight region-specific challenges, such as environmental factors contributing to cataract prevalence. Public health strategies should prioritize improving access to cataract surgery, enhancing grassroots ophthalmic infrastructure, and integrating portable screening technologies for early detection of fundus diseases. Additionally, promoting health education on UV protection and lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, may mitigate risks. Future research should expand to broader regions in Xinjiang, employ advanced diagnostic tools for complex conditions like glaucoma, and explore longitudinal trends to refine intervention strategies. These efforts are vital to reducing preventable blindness and improving quality of life for aging populations in underserved areas.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, causes, and influencing factors of vision impairment in the elderly population aged 60 years and above in Mangxin Town, Kashgar region, Xinjiang, China. Located in a region characterized by intense ultraviolet radiation and arid climatic conditions, Mangxin Town presents unique environmental challenges that may exacerbate ocular health issues. Despite the global emphasis on addressing vision impairment among aging populations, there remains a paucity of updated and region-specific data in Xinjiang, necessitating this comprehensive assessment to inform targeted interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024, involving 1,311 elderly participants (76.76% participation rate) out of a total eligible population of 1,708 individuals aged ≥60 years. Participants underwent detailed ocular examinations, including assessments of uncorrected visual acuity (UVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using standard logarithmic charts, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT, Topcon DRI OCT Triton), fundus photography, and intraocular pressure measurement (Canon TX-20 Tonometer). A multidisciplinary team of 10 ophthalmologists and 2 local village doctors, trained rigorously in standardized protocols, ensured consistent data collection. Demographic, lifestyle, and medical history data were collected via questionnaires. Statistical analyses, performed using Stata 16, included multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors, with significance defined as P < 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of vision impairment was 13.21% (95% CI: 11.37–15.04), with low vision at 11.76% (95% CI: 10.01–13.50) and blindness at 1.45% (95% CI: 0.80–2.10). Cataract emerged as the leading cause, responsible for 68.20% of cases, followed by glaucoma (5.80%), optic atrophy (5.20%), and age-related macular degeneration (2.90%). Vision impairment prevalence escalated significantly with age: 7.74% in the 60–69 age group, 17.79% in 70–79, and 33.72% in those ≥80. Males exhibited higher prevalence than females (15.84% vs. 10.45%, P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed age ≥80 years (OR = 6.43, 95% CI: 3.79–10.90), male sex (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.83), and daily exercise (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20–0.95) as significant factors. History of eye disease showed a non-significant trend toward increased risk (OR = 1.49, P = 0.107). Education level, income, and smoking status showed no significant associations. Conclusion: This study underscores cataract as the predominant cause of vision impairment in Mangxin Town’s elderly population, with age and sex as critical determinants. The findings align with global patterns but highlight region-specific challenges, such as environmental factors contributing to cataract prevalence. Public health strategies should prioritize improving access to cataract surgery, enhancing grassroots ophthalmic infrastructure, and integrating portable screening technologies for early detection of fundus diseases. Additionally, promoting health education on UV protection and lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, may mitigate risks. Future research should expand to broader regions in Xinjiang, employ advanced diagnostic tools for complex conditions like glaucoma, and explore longitudinal trends to refine intervention strategies. These efforts are vital to reducing preventable blindness and improving quality of life for aging populations in underserved areas.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) significantly enhances the screening and diagnostic processes for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this article,we focused on the application and performance of AI in detecting ROP and distinguishing plus disease (PLUS) in ROP. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Ovid for studies published from January 2018 to July 2024. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of AI with expert ophthalmologists’judgment as a reference standard were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool and QUADAS-AI tool.Statistical analysis included data pooling, forest plot construction, heterogeneity testing, and meta-regression. Results: Fourteen of the 186 studies were included.The pooled sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI diagnosing ROP were 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.98) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.98), respectively.The pooled sensitivity, specificity and the AUC of the AI distinguishing PLUS were 0.92 (95% CI 0.80-0.97),0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.97) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99), respectively.Cochran’s Q test (P < 0.01) andHiggins I ² heterogeneity index revealed considerable heterogeneity. The country of study, number of centers, data source and the number of doctors were responsible for the heterogeneity. For ROP diagnosing, researches conducted in China using private data in single center with less than 3 doctors showed higher sensitivity and specificity. For PLUS distinguishing, researches in multiple centers with less than 3 doctors showed higher sensitivity. Conclusions: This study revealed the powerful role of AI in diagnosing ROP and distinguishing PLUS. However, significant heterogeneity was noted among all included studies, indicating challenges in the application of AI for ROP diagnosis in real-world settings. More studies are needed to address these disparities, aiming to fully harness AI’s potential in augmenting medical care for ROP.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) significantly enhances the screening and diagnostic processes for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this article,we focused on the application and performance of AI in detecting ROP and distinguishing plus disease (PLUS) in ROP. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Ovid for studies published from January 2018 to July 2024. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of AI with expert ophthalmologists’judgment as a reference standard were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool and QUADAS-AI tool.Statistical analysis included data pooling, forest plot construction, heterogeneity testing, and meta-regression. Results: Fourteen of the 186 studieswere included.The pooled sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI diagnosing ROP were 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.98) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.98), respectively.The pooled sensitivity, specificity and the AUC of the AI distinguishing PLUS were 0.92 (95% CI 0.80-0.97),0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.97) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99), respectively.Cochran’s Q test (P < 0.01) andHiggins I ² heterogeneity index revealed considerable heterogeneity. The country of study, number of centers, data source and the number of doctors were responsible for the heterogeneity. For ROP diagnosing, researches conducted in China using private data in single center with less than 3 doctors showed higher sensitivity and specificity. For PLUS distinguishing, researches in multiple centers with less than 3 doctors showed higher sensitivity. Conclusions: This study revealed the powerful role of AI in diagnosing ROP and distinguishing PLUS. However, significant heterogeneity was noted among all included studies, indicating challenges in the application of AI for ROP diagnosis in real-world settings. More studies are needed to address these disparities, aiming to fully harness AI’s potential in augmenting medical care for ROP.

Vision serves as the cornerstone of rountine human life activities, wherein approximately 80% of information is perceived visually. Eye diseases, however, frequently culminate in vision impairment or blindness, severely affecting the quality of life. Due to the obscurity of the underlying molecular mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes for various blinding eye diseases remain suboptimal. Over the past decade, the development of single-cell genomics technology has made it possible to obtain multi-dimensional insights into genomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes of tissues and organs at the single-cell level, providing a potent tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of eye diseases and advancing precision diagnosis. Meanwhile, single-cell genomics technology has also been harnessed in drug discovery and screening, promising to transform traditional drug development paradigm that is often characterized by high cost ^[1], time-consuming ^[2], and substantial failure rate. This review aims to describe the cutting-edge advances in single-cell omics technology  and its applications in precision diagnosis of eye diseases as well as drug discovery and screening.

Vision serves as the cornerstone of rountine human life activities, wherein approximately 80% of information is perceived visually. Eye diseases, however, frequently culminate in vision impairment or blindness, severely affecting the quality of life. Due to the obscurity of the underlying molecular mechanisms, therapeutic outcomes for various blinding eye diseases remain suboptimal. Over the past decade, the development of single-cell genomics technology has made it possible to obtain multi-dimensional insights into genomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes of tissues and organs at the single-cell level, providing a potent tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of eye diseases and advancing precision diagnosis. Meanwhile, single-cell genomics technology has also been harnessed in drug discovery and screening, promising to transform traditional drug development paradigm that is often characterized by high cost ^[1]，time-consuming ^[2], and substantial failure rate. This review aims to describe the cutting-edge advances in single-cell omics technology  and its applications in precision diagnosis of eye diseases as well as drug discovery and screening.

Blindness prevention has been an important national policy in China. Previous strategies, such as deploying experienced cataract surgeons to rural areas and assisting in building local ophthalmology centers, had successfully decreased the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness. However, new challenges arise with the aging population and the shift of the disease spectrum towards age-related eye diseases and myopia. With the constant technological boom, digital healthcare innovations in ophthalmology could immensely enhance screening and diagnosing capabilities. Artifcial intelligence (AI) and telemedicine have been proven valuable in clinical ophthalmology settings. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge communication technology and AI in mobile clinics and remote surgeries is on the horizon, potentially revolutionizing blindness prevention and ophthalmic healthcare. The future of blindness prevention in China is poised to undergo signifcant transformation, driven by emerging challenges and new opportunities.

Blindness prevention has been an important national policy in China. Previous strategies, such as deploying experienced cataract surgeons to rural areas and assisting in building local ophthalmology centers, had successfully decreased the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness. However, new challenges arise with the aging population and the shift of the disease spectrum towards age-related eye diseases and myopia. With the constant technological boom, digital healthcare innovations in ophthalmology could immensely enhance screening and diagnosing capabilities. Artifcial intelligence (AI) and telemedicine have been proven valuable in clinical ophthalmology settings. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge communication technology and AI in mobile clinics and remote surgeries is on the horizon, potentially revolutionizing blindness prevention and ophthalmic healthcare. The future of blindness prevention in China is poised to undergo signifcant transformation, driven by emerging challenges and new opportunities.

Purpose: To develop a survival prediction model for primary conjunctival malignant tumors.

Methods: Detailed information on cases diagnosed with primary conjunctival malignant tumors from 2000 to 2019 was collected from SEER database.Subsequently,  cases meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the development group (1,216 cases) or validation group (608 cases). Relevant risk factors affecting overall survival (OS) were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. A nomogram was constructed to predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates. The concordance index (C index) was calculated to assess the predictive power of the model. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) and calibration curves were plotted. The area under the curve (AUC) was measured. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was also applied.

Results: The overall survival rate was 77.8%. Statistically significant differences in the survival time distribution were observed among groups based on age (P < 0.001), histology (P < 0.001), and stage (P = 0.01). According to the multivariate analysis, patients with lymphoma, younger age, and localized lesions exhibited better survival outcomes. The C-index of the constructed model was 0.79. In the training group, the AUC values for predicting 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year mortality were 0.824, 0.796, and 0.815, respectively. In the validation group, age corresponding AU values were 0.750, 0.820, and 0.838. The DCA results demonstrated a significant advantage of the model, while the calibration plots indicated that the predicted OS was in good agreement with the actual OS in both groups. 

Conclusions: This study presents a satisfying survival prediction model for malignant conjunctival tumors.

Purpose: To develop a survival prediction model for primary conjunctival malignant tumors.

Methods: Detailed information on cases diagnosed with primary conjunctival malignant tumors from 2000 to 2019 was collected from SEER database.Subsequently,  cases meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the development group (1,216 cases) or validation group (608 cases). Relevant risk factors affecting overall survival (OS) were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. A nomogram was constructed to predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates. The concordance index (C index) was calculated to assess the predictive power of the model. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) and calibration curves were plotted. The area under the curve (AUC) was measured. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was also applied.

Results: The overall survival rate was 77.8%. Statistically significant differences in the survival time distribution were observed among groups based on age (P < 0.001), histology (P < 0.001), and stage (P = 0.01). According to the multivariate analysis, patients with lymphoma, younger age, and localized lesions exhibited better survival outcomes. The C-index of the constructed model was 0.79. In the training group, the AUC values for predicting 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year mortality were 0.824, 0.796, and 0.815, respectively. In the validation group, age corresponding AU values were 0.750, 0.820, and 0.838. The DCA results demonstrated a significant advantage of the model, while the calibration plots indicated that the predicted OS was in good agreement with the actual OS in both groups. 

Conclusions: This study presents a satisfying survival prediction model for malignant conjunctival tumors.

Macular hemorrhage (MH) is one of the most severe complications of high myopia, posing a significant threat to vision. MH can occur with or without choroidal neovascularization (CNV), with the CNV-associated form being the most prevalent. CNV-related MH may develop secondary to conditions such as pathological myopia, and punctate inner choroidopathy. Conversely, MH without CNV is often linked to factors like lacquer cracks, trauma, ocular surgery. While the exact mechanisms of CNV in high myopia are still not fully understood, anti-VEGF injections have been shown to be effective in improving visual function in patients with CNV. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics of various causes of MH and their respective treatments, providing valuable insights to help clinicians make informed diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

Macular hemorrhage (MH) is one of the most severe complications of high myopia, posing a significant threat to vision. MH can occur with or without choroidal neovascularization (CNV), with the CNV-associated form being the most prevalent. CNV-related MH may develop secondary to conditions such as pathological myopia, and punctate inner choroidopathy. Conversely, MH without CNV is often linked to factors like lacquer cracks, trauma, ocular surgery. While the exact mechanisms of CNV in high myopia are still not fully understood, anti-VEGF injections have been shown to be effective in improving visual function in patients with CNV. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics of various causes of MH and their respective treatments, providing valuable insights to help clinicians make informed diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

Purpose: To explore the status of current global research, trends and hotspots in the field of lupus retinopathy (LR). Methods: Publications related to LR from 2003 to 2022 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Citespace 6.2.R4 software was used to analyze the raw data. Bibliometric parameters such as publication quality, countries, authors, international cooperation, and keywords were taken into account. Results: A total of 315 publications were retrieved. The annual research output has increased significantly since 2010, especially since 2017. Marmor MF, Lee BR, and Melles RB contributed the highest number of articles published on LR. The top three publishing countries were the USA, China, and UK. Stanford University, Hanyang University, and Harvard Medical School were the top three producing institutions in the world for LR research. The top ten commonly used keywords include the following: systemic lupus erythematosus, retinopathy, retinal toxicity, antimalarial, hydroxychloroquine, optical coherence tomography, antiphospholipid syndrome, microvascular, optic neuritis, optical coherence tomography angiography. The keywords "optical coherence tomography angiography" and "vessel density" have exploded in recent years. Conclusion: By analyzing the current body of LR literature, specific global trends and hotspots for LR research were identified, presenting valuable information to track cutting- edge progress and for future cooperation between various authors and institutions.

Purpose: To explore the status of current global research, trends and hotspots in the field of lupus retinopathy (LR). Methods: Publications related to LR from 2003 to 2022 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Citespace 6.2.R4 software was used to analyze the raw data. Bibliometric parameters such as publication quality, countries, authors, international cooperation, and keywords were taken into account. Results: A total of 315 publications were retrieved. The annual research output has increased significantly since 2010, especially since 2017. Marmor MF, Lee BR, and Melles RB contributed the highest number of articles published on LR. The top three publishing countries were the USA, China, and UK. Stanford University, Hanyang University, and Harvard Medical School were the top three producing institutions in the world for LR research. The top ten commonly used keywords include the following: systemic lupus erythematosus, retinopathy, retinal toxicity, antimalarial, hydroxychloroquine, optical coherence tomography, antiphospholipid syndrome, microvascular, optic neuritis, optical coherence tomography angiography. The keywords "optical coherence tomography angiography" and "vessel density" have exploded in recent years. Conclusion: By analyzing the current body of LR literature, specific global trends and hotspots for LR research were identified, presenting valuable information to track cutting- edge progress and for future cooperation between various authors and institutions.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend through the optic nerve, connecting with neurons in visually related nuclei. Similar to most mature neurons in the central nervous system, once damaged, RGCs are unable to regenerate their axons and swiftly progress to cell death. In addition to cell-intrinsic mechanisms, extrinsic factors within the extracellular environment, notably glial and inflammatory cells, exert a pivotal role in modulating RGC neurodegeneration and regeneration. Moreover, burgeoning evidence suggests that retinal interneurons, specifically amacrine cells, exert a substantial influence on RGC survival and axon regeneration. In this review, we consolidate the present understanding of extrinsic factors implicated in RGC survival and axon regeneration, and deliberate on potential therapeutic strategies aimed at fostering optic nerve regeneration and restoring vision.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend through the optic nerve, connecting with neurons in visually related nuclei. Similar to most mature neurons in the central nervous system, once damaged, RGCs are unable to regenerate their axons and swiftly progress to cell death. In addition to cell-intrinsic mechanisms, extrinsic factors within the extracellular environment, notably glial and inflammatory cells, exert a pivotal role in modulating RGC neurodegeneration and regeneration. Moreover, burgeoning evidence suggests that retinal interneurons, specifically amacrine cells, exert a substantial influence on RGC survival and axon regeneration. In this review, we consolidate the present understanding of extrinsic factors implicated in RGC survival and axon regeneration, and deliberate on potential therapeutic strategies aimed at fostering optic nerve regeneration and restoring vision