目的：通过高通量测序分析进行基因诊断，鉴别视网膜病变中的神经纤维瘤病，为其早诊早治提供重要依据。方法：回顾性分析眼遗传病高通量测序数据库中的NF1和NF2基因变异，根据ACMG/AMP指南解析变异致病性；进一步结合患者的临床表型、家族史以及其他检查结果，综合判断明确是否患有神经纤维瘤病，同时进行疾病的进展和随访的研究分析。结果：通过分析不同眼部表型家系的高通量测序结果，共在11例先证者中发现NF1和NF2基因的10个可能致病变异，包括7个NF1变异和3个NF2变异。这11例先证者的初始诊断包括家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变、黄斑/视网膜发育不良、斜视、视网膜色素变性、Coats病和牵牛花综合征等。其中，在1例初诊为家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变的患儿中，检测到3个基因的致病变异，即NF2: c.122G>A/p.(W41*)、RS1: c.520C>T/p.(R174W)和NYX: c.1027C>T/p.(R343C)。随访检查发现，该患儿的复杂眼部表型符合NF2、RS1和NYX致病变异的临床改变，且MRI检查发现双侧前庭神经鞘瘤、脊髓室管膜瘤和多发性神经鞘瘤改变。除该患者外，还有4例患者在随访中发现存在牛奶咖啡斑或雀斑样色素沉着等皮肤改变，1 例合并小脑神经纤维瘤浸润。结论: 高通量测序分析能有效检测出神经纤维瘤病相关基因的变异，有助于筛选非典型表现的神经纤维瘤病，为疾病的早期诊断，尤其是对严重中枢神经系统病变的早期筛查和及时干预，提供了重要依据。

Objective: To identify neurofibromatosis in retinopathy through high-throughput sequencing analysis and provide important indicators for early diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Variants in NF1 and NF2 were selected from in-house high-throughput sequencing, including targeted exome sequencing, exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing, of individuals with different eye conditions. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were assessed according to ACMG/AMP criteria. All the available clinical data, including clinical manifestation, family history and other examination results, were summarized and further analyzed to determine whether neurofibromatosis. Results: Based on the results of in-house high-throughput sequencing, a total of ten pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in NF1 and NF2 were identified in 11 unrelated cases with various eye conditions, including three NF2 variants in four cases and seven NF1 variants in seven cases. The unrelated cases with NF1 and NF2 variants had initial clinical manifestation similar to familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), macular or retinal dystrophy, strabismus, retinitis pigmentosa, Coats disease, or morning glory syndrome. In one of these cases, who was diagnosed as FEVR at the initial visit, three pathogenic variants of three different genes were identified, namely NF2: c.122G>A/p.(W41*), RS1: c.520C>T/p.(R174W) and NYX: c.1027C>T/p.(R343C). Follow-up examination on this case revealed a complex retinopathy, which were consistent with clinical presentations due to pathogenic variants in NF2, RS1, and NYX, as well as bilateral vestibular schwannomas, spinal ependymoma and multiple schwannomas by MRI. In addition to this patient, a follow-up examination on four of the seven cases present Café-au-lait macules or freckling, which could be easily neglected if neurofibromatosis is not realized on the initial visit, while one had neurofibromatosis in cerebellum. Conclusions: Complex retinopathy may present as the initial sign of neurofibromatosis, and high-throughput sequencing analysis for neurofibromatosis related genes contribute to early diagnosis of neurofibromatosis and facilitating early identification of vital systemic complication.

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是世界范围内劳动年龄人口视力损伤的主要原因。糖尿病前期和DR临床前期患者作为罹患DR的高危人群，在该阶段可发现视网膜神经元形态功能及视网膜微小血管的改变。视网膜及神经纤维层厚度的变化可部分反映视网膜神经元结构改变；色觉、对比敏感度、视野及视觉电生理等变化可反映视网膜神经元功能改变。随着光学相关断层扫描血管成像技术的发展，临床可以检测出DR之前视网膜微血管的改变。此外，许多生物标志物也可以预测和评估DR。由于目前还没有方法可以阻止DR的发生与进展，临床可以通过观察以上视网膜的改变更为及时地发现DR，以降低其患病率，最大限度地减少DR带来的视力损伤。

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of visual impairment in the working population worldwide. Patients with pre-diabetes and pre-clinic diabetic retinopathy are regarded as in high risk group of DR. The changes in morphology and function of renal neurons and retinal micro-vessels can be found in these patients at this stage. The changes of retinal nerve structure can be partly reflected by changes in the thickness of retina and nerve fiber layer. The changes in function of retinal neurons can be reflected by changes in color vision, contrast sensitivity, visual field and visual electrophysiology.With the development of optical coherence tomography angiography, changes in retinal micro-vessels can be observed prior to clinical detection of DR. In addition, many biomarker can also predict and evaluate DR. Since there is no way to prevent the occurrence and progress of DR at present, more attention should be paid in DR by observing the changes inthe retina mentioned above timely, to reduce its incidence and minimize the visual damage caused by DR.

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetes retinopathy, DR)是糖尿病常见的眼部并发症，其病理过程复杂，涉及多种细胞及炎症因子。Müller细胞作为视网膜主要支持细胞，在DR中不仅产生白介素-17(interleukin-17, IL-17)，还作为其主要靶点发挥作用，通过谷氨酸代谢异常、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)分泌增加及调控参与DR的病理过程，加重炎症反应。IL-17主要由辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17, Th17)分泌，通过促进多种炎症介质(如细胞因子、趋化因子和金属蛋白酶)的分泌，增强炎症反应，导致视网膜微血管损害和神经元凋亡，促进DR的发展。高糖环境下，Müller细胞功能受损，IL-17进一步加剧其功能障碍形成恶性循环。研究表明，阻断IL-17及核因子-κB激活剂1(Nuclear factor-kappa B activator 1, Act1)/肿瘤坏死因子受体关联因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, TRAF6)/核因子-κB(Nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB)信号通路可减轻DR的病理改变，为DR的治疗提供了新的思路。因此，深入研究IL-17与Müller细胞在DR中的相互作用机制，对于研究该疾病的发病机制及开发精准有效的治疗策略具有重要意义。

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a common ocular complication of diabetes, characterized by a complex pathological process involving multiple cells and inflammatory factors. Müller cells, as the primary supporting cells of the retina, not only produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) but also serve as a primary target in DR. They participate in the pathological process of DR by contributing to abnormal glutamate metabolism, increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and regulatory functions, thereby exacerbating the inflammatory response. IL-17 is primarily secreted by T helper cell 17 (Th17) cells and enhances the inflammatory response by promoting the secretion of various inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases), leading to retinal microvascular damage and neuronal apoptosis, which accelerates the progression of DR. In a high-glucose environment, Müller cell function is impaired, and IL-17 further exacerbates this dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle. Studies have shown that blocking the IL-17 and Act1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathways can mitigate the pathological changes associated with DR, providing new insights for the treatment of this disease. Therefore, conducting in-depth research on the interaction mechanism between IL-17 and Müller cells in DR is of great significance for exploring the pathogenesis of this disease and developing precise and effective treatment strategies.

糖尿病视网膜病变是最为常见的糖尿病微血管并发症，主要由糖尿病引起的机体代谢紊乱导致。而然在临床工作中发现，部分患者通过单纯控制血糖以延缓糖尿病视网膜病变进展，所取得效果不甚理想，一些其他因素对于糖尿病视网膜病变的发生、发展，也起到不可忽视的作用。研究表明，在并发高脂血症的糖尿病视网膜病变患者中，胆固醇代谢异常是诱发视网膜病变的主要原因之一。胆固醇代谢异常通过减弱肝脏X受体，导致胆固醇在视网膜上不断积累，降低视网膜血管内皮功能，从而造成视网膜缺血、缺氧环境的形成，又可通过增加炎症因子和细胞黏附分子-1的表达，使原本病态的糖尿病视网膜血管变得更加脆弱，该文总结了糖尿病视网膜病变的病理因素，对比分析当前糖尿病视网膜病变的主要治疗手段，通过分析胆固醇逆向转运(cholesterol reverse transport,RCT)途径转运对糖尿病视网膜病变发生、发展的影响，发现降低高血脂可提高糖尿病视网膜病变的治愈率，这将为糖尿病视网膜病变的临床防治工作提供新思路。

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic microvascular complication, which is mainly caused by metabolic disorders caused by diabetes. However, in clinical work, it is found that some patients do not achieve satisfactory results in delaying the progress of diabetic retinopathy by simply controlling blood sugar, and some other factors contribute to the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy. Also played a role that can not be ignored. Studies have shown that abnormal cholesterol metabolism is one of the main causes of retinopathy in diabetic retinopathy patients with hyperlipidemia. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in the retina and the decrease of retinal vascular endothelial function by weakening the X receptor in the liver, resulting in the formation of retinal ischemia and hypoxia environment. it can also increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecule-1 to make the originally morbid retinal vessels more fragile. This paper summarizes the pathological factors of diabetic retinopathy. By comparing and analyzing the main treatment methods of diabetic retinopathy at present, and by analyzing the influence of cholesterol reverse transport (cholesterolreversetransport,RCT) pathway on the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy, it is found that reducing hyperlipidemia can improve the cure rate of diabetic retinopathy, which will provide new ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病引起的微血管病变之一，是不可逆性致盲的眼病。根据其病程可分为根据其病程可分为非增殖期和增殖期，其中还包括糖尿病性黄斑水肿。全科医师需要检测量裸眼视力、矫正视力和眼压，通过裂隙灯显微镜评估眼前节以及眼底检查来评估眼部整体情况。控制血糖、血压、血脂对改善预后很重要。需要重视餐前、餐后血糖，糖化血红蛋白和代谢记忆，一线降血压药物包括血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂，调脂药物首选他汀类，而非诺贝特有额外的视网膜保护作用。干预生活方式，宣教，早期发现也同样重要。全科医师需要进行眼底筛查和评分，及时转诊至眼科治疗。眼科治疗包括全视网膜激光光凝术、经平坦部玻璃体切除术、玻璃体抗血管内皮生长因子药物注射术。

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the microvascular diseases caused by diabetes, it is an irreversible blindness eye disease. According to its course, it can be divided into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, including diabetic macular edema. Te general practitioner needs to measure the uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity intraocular pressure, use the slit lamp microscope to exam the anterior segment and fundus to evaluate the overall condition of the eye. Controlling blood glucose, blood pressure and blood lipid is very important to improve the prognosis. Attach importance to pre- and postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and metabolic memory should be carried out. The first-line antihypertensive drugs are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Statins are the first choice for lipid-lowering drugs, fenofibrate has additional protective efect of retinal. Intervention in lifestyle, education and early detection are is important. Te general practitioner needs to perform fundus screening and scoring, timely refer to ophthalmology department for treatment. Ophthalmic treatment includes panretinal laser photocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, and intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.

目的：评价欧堡Daytona 200度超广角激光扫描检眼镜检查近视患者眼底周边部视网膜病变的应用价值。方法：本研究为前瞻性病例研究，收集爱尔眼科医院要求行屈光手术的近视患者1 000例(2 000只眼)，分别进行小瞳下欧堡Daytona 200度超广角激光扫描检眼镜眼底检查和散瞳后三面镜检查，记录检查结果并进行比较分析。结果：通过欧堡Daytona 200度超广角激光扫描检眼镜检查发现有周边视网膜病变共230例(310只眼)，检出阳性率为15.50%；三面镜检查发现周边部视网膜病变共242例(322只眼)，检出阳性率为16.10%。两种检查方法对近视患者周边部视网膜病变检出阳性率具有很好的一致性(Kappa值0.8~1.0)。结论：欧堡Daytona 200度超广角成像系统为检查周边部视网膜病变提供了更省时高效的方法，在屈光手术前筛查视网膜周边部病变，具有广阔的临床应用前景。

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical value of peripheral retinal diseases in myopic patients examined by 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona). Methods: This was a prospective case-control study. We collected 1 000 myopic patients (2 000 eyes) who were scheduled to undergo refractive surgery in Aier Eye Hospital. They were examined by 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona) with non-mydriasis and three-mirror contact lens with mydriasis. The examination results were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 230 cases (310 eyes) with peripheral retinopathy were found by 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona). The positive rate was 15.50%; 242 cases (322 eyes) with peripheral retinopathy were found by three- mirror contact lens, and the positive rate was 16.10%. The two methods were consistent in the detection of peripheral Retinopathy in myopic patients (the Kappa value is between 0.8 and 1.0). Conclusion: 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona) is an effective and rapid method for detecting peripheral retinopathy. It provides a broad clinical application prospects for peripheral retinopathy screening before refractive surgery.

患者女，60岁，因“右眼前黑影飘动1月，视力下降8天”就诊。视力：右眼0.1，不能矫正；左眼0.6矫正0.9。右眼眼底见视盘周围边界清晰不规则灰白色区，并波及中心凹。视野检查：右眼对应眼底病灶的视野缺损；左眼正常。光学相干断层成像术(optical coherence tomography，OCT)显示灰白色区域椭圆体带不规则、缺失，视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium，RPE)层见数个指状隆起。眼底自发荧光(autofluorescence，AF)示：受影响区域内呈高荧光和部分不规则低荧光区。荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography，FFA)示：早期见荧光渗漏，晚期荧光着染、蓄积。吲哚菁绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography，ICGA)示：见以视乳头为中心，边界清晰的低荧光区。诊断：右眼急性轮状外层视网膜病变。治疗：给予抗炎和改善血循环4周，眼底灰白色环状带消失，视力明显好转。随访6个月，患者病情控制良好。

A 60-year-old woman was admitted to Chengdu Aidi Eye Hospital because of “dark shadow fluttering in the right eye for 1 month and vision loss for 8 days”. Visual acuity—with a myopic correction—was 0.1 with the right eye and 0.9 with the left eye. The right eye fundus presented a well-defined, irregular, grayish white area around the optic disc, and affected the fovea, corresponding to the visual field defect of the fundus lesion. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that the ellipsoid bands in this region were irregular and absent, and several finger-like ridges were seen in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer. Fundus autofluorescence (AF): High fluorescence and some irregular low fluorescence in the affected area. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA): Fluorescence leakage was seen in the early stage, fluorescence staining and accumulation in the late stage. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA): A well-defined low-fluorescence area centered on the optic nipple was observed. Diagnosis:Acute annular outer retinopathy. Treatment: Anti-inflammatory and improved blood circulation for 4 weeks, the gray and white ring of fundus disappeared and the visual acuity improved obviously

目的：评价欧堡Daytona 200度超广角激光扫描检眼镜检查近视患者眼底周边部视网膜病变的应用价值。方法：本研究为前瞻性病例研究，收集爱尔眼科医院要求行屈光手术的近视患者1 000例(2 000只眼)，分别进行小瞳下欧堡Daytona 200度超广角激光扫描检眼镜眼底检查和散瞳后三面镜检查，记录检查结果并进行比较分析。结果：通过欧堡Daytona 200度超广角激光扫描检眼镜检查发现有周边视网膜病变共230例(310只眼)，检出阳性率为15.50%；三面镜检查发现周边部视网膜病变共242例(322只眼)，检出阳性率为16.10%。两种检查方法对近视患者周边部视网膜病变检出阳性率具有很好的一致性(Kappa值0.8~1.0)。结论：欧堡Daytona 200度超广角成像系统为检查周边部视网膜病变提供了更省时高效的方法，在屈光手术前筛查视网膜周边部病变，具有广阔的临床应用前景。

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical value of peripheral retinal diseases in myopic patients examined by 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona). Methods: This was a prospective case-control study. We collected 1 000 myopic patients (2 000 eyes) who were scheduled to undergo refractive surgery in Aier Eye Hospital. They were examined by 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona) with non-mydriasis and three-mirror contact lens with mydriasis. The examination results were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 230 cases (310 eyes) with peripheral retinopathy were found by 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona). The positive rate was 15.50%; 242 cases (322 eyes) with peripheral retinopathy were found by three- mirror contact lens, and the positive rate was 16.10%. The two methods were consistent in the detection of peripheral Retinopathy in myopic patients (the Kappa value is between 0.8 and 1.0). Conclusion: 200-degree ultra-wide field laser ophthalmoscope (Daytona) is an effective and rapid method for detecting peripheral retinopathy. It provides a broad clinical application prospects for peripheral retinopathy screening before refractive surgery.

目的：观察视网膜激光光凝术(laser photocoagulation，LP)及玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗(intravitreal ranibizumab，IVR)对病变位于II区的阈值前病变1型早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity，ROP)的疗效。方法：收集2015年10月至2019年12月厦门市儿童医院收治的病变位于II区的阈值前病变1型44例(81眼)。根据手术方式分为LP组、IVR组。观察各组术后病变消退、视网膜血管化情况、全身及眼部并发症，分析不同手术方式的效果。结果：LP组20例(37只眼)行视网膜激光光凝治疗，术后未出现复发，首次治愈率100%；术后(3.42±1.57)周病情控制，术后(9.84±4.75)周可观察到周边视网膜血管化。IVR组24例(44只眼)注射雷珠单抗，39只眼行单次手术后病情控制，首次治愈率88.6%，5眼术后病情未控制。术后(2.95±2.58)周病情控制，术后(14.19±4.95)周可观察到周边视网膜血管化。两组手术方式首次治愈率、视网膜血管化时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：视网膜LP及IVR治疗病变位于II区的阈值前病变1型均有较好疗效，IVR复发率较高，手术方式的选择需慎重。

Objective: To observe the efficacy of laser photocoagulation (LP) and intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injection in the treatment of type 1 prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with lesions located in zone II. Methods:Forty-four patients (81 eyes) with type 1 prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity with lesions located in zone II staying in our hospital from October 2015 to December 2019 were collected and divided into LP group and IVR group according to the operation method. Through observation of the postoperative disease involution, retinal vascularization, systemic and ocular complications in each group, the effects of different surgical methods were analyzed. Results: In LP group, 20 patients (37 eyes) underwent retinal laser photocoagulation treatment, with no recurrence occurred after the operation; the cure rate after the first operation was 100%; the disease was controlled at (3.42±1.57) weeks after the operation; and peripheral retinal vascularization was observed at (9.84±4.75) weeks after the operation. In IVR group, 24 patients (44 eyes) were injected with ranibizumab; 39 eyes were under control after a single operation; the cure rate after the first operation was 88.6%; and 5 eyes were not under control after surgery. The disease was controlled for an average of (2.95±2.58) weeks after operation; peripheral retinal vascularization was observed at (14.19±4.95) weeks after operation; there were statistically significant differences in the cure rate after the first operation and retinal vascularization time between the two groups. Conclusion:Retinal laser photocoagulation and IVR have good effects in the treatment of type 1 prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity with lesions located in zone II. However, the recurrence rate using IVR is relatively high. Therefore,the surgical method needs to be cautious and still requires clinical observation.

目的：分析湖南地区汉族人群中2型糖尿病患者的人口学特征及生化指标，寻找糖尿病视网膜病变的高危因素。方法：釆用病例对照研究，统计湖南地区正常人群、2型糖尿病但无视网膜病变患者、2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者的人口学特征及生化指标的相关数据，进行成组t检验及logistic回归分析，探讨分析糖尿病视网膜病发生的易感因素。所有研究对象均为汉族。结果：对照组[非糖尿病(non-diabetes mellitus，NDM)组]和2型糖尿病未合并视网膜病变[(non-diabetic retinopathy，NDR)]组之间性别分布、年龄分布、BMI、舒张压、HbA1c、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein，HDL)、尿酸及总胆红素差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。NDM组中腹围、收缩压、空腹血糖、三酰甘油、肌酐和低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein，LDL)值均低于NDR组，差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。NDM组中BMI、腹围、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、HbA1c、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、肌酐和LDL值均低于2型糖尿病合并视网膜病变组(diabetic retinopathy，DR)组，差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。NDR组收缩压、舒张压、HbA1c、总胆固醇、三酰甘油和肌酐值均低于DR组，差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论：收缩压超过150 mmHg，舒张压超过90mmHg，糖化血红蛋白超过9%，血清肌酐超过100 μmol/L，三酰甘油超过3 mmol/L均为糖尿病患者发生视网膜病变的高危易感因素。

Objective: To analyze the demographic characteristics and biochemical indexes of type 2 diabetic patients in Han population in Hunan, and to find the high-risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The data of demographic characteristics and biochemical indexes of normal population, type 2 diabetic patients but without retinopathy and type 2 diabetic retinopathy in Hunan were analyzed. Group t test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the susceptibility factors of diabetic retinopathy. All the subjects were Han population. Results: There were no significant differences in gender distribution, age distribution, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c,total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, uric acid and total bilirubin between the control group [non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) group] and the type 2 diabetic without retinopathy group [non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR)group] (all P>0.05). The abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride,creatinine and low-density lipoprotein in NDM group were all lower than those in NDR group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). BMI, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and LDL in NDM group were all lower than those in type 2 diabetic retinopathy (DR) group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The comparison between the NDR group and the DR group showed that the values of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride and creatinine in the NDR group were all lower than those in the DR group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: SBP ≥150 mmHg,DBP ≥90 mmHg, HbA1c ≥9%, serum creatinine ≥100 μmol/L, triglyceride ≥3 mmol/L are the high-risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.