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Patients with low vision are severely impaired in visual function due to different ocular and neurological disorders, which have a serious impact on their daily activities (such as reading and driving), quality of life and mental health. Low vision rehabilitation provides patients with appropriate visual impairment assistance technology, maximizes the use of residual vision and visual function of patients, improve the functional limitations associated with low vision, effectively improves their independence and overall quality of life, and makes it possible for them to live, work and integrate into the society independently. This article reviews the progress in the application of visual mpaired assistive technologies such as classic visual AIDS, artificial vision (visual prosthesis/visual sensory replacement equipment), transcranial stimulation and visual biofeedback training and so on.

One of the most common conditions in ophthalmology today is cataract, which is a severe eye ailment that impairs visual quality and ultimately results in blindness. Surgery is the only effective option for individuals with cataracts, and one of the most popular surgical techniques around ophthalmology is now ultrasonic phacoemulsification and aspiration paired with IOL installation. The intraocular lens is durable, unbreakable, and has a high refractive index. IOL clouding following cataract surgery is uncommon now, but when it does occur, a second-stage IOL replacement is necessary. It's still unclear what causes IOL clouding following cataract surgery, but it has gained worldwide attention from the ophthalmology community due to reported cases. A report is given on a case of IOL clouding that underwent a 2-stage IOL replacement in April 2023 at the Cataract Department of the Eye Centre of the Second Hospital of Jilin University.

Abstract Objective: To explore the immunity-inhibitory effect of catgut implantation at acupoints on experimental autoimmune uveitis in rats. Methods: Experimental autoimmune uveitis model (EAU) was established in Lewis rats by injection of IRBP1177–1191 peptide. They were randomly divided into two groups. One group(CIA) received the treatment of catgut implantation at acupoints once after immunization. The other (EAU) received no treatment, serving as the blank control. Clinical and histological assessment were performed on the day 9, 13, 18, 23 post immunization. The frequency of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes were determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression level of IL-17 and IFN-γ was detected by Real-Time quantitative PCR and the serum protein levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: In the CIA group, delayed mild inflammation was observed, Pathological results found alleviated infiltration of lymphocytes and damage of ocular structure. Flow cytometry showed significantly decreased Th17 lymphocytes at day 9, 13, and 18 post-immunization (P<0.05) and no significant changes at day 23 post-immunization (P=0.868) after CIA. The Th1 lymphocytes were significantly decreased at day 13 and 18 post-immunization (P<0.05) and comparable at day 9 (P=0.111), 23 (P=0.551) post-immunization in CIA group. The mRNA expressions of IL-17 and IFN-γ were notable decreased at day 9, 13 and 18 post-immunization (P<0.05) and showed a downward trend at day 23 post-immunization although with no significance (P=0.080 and P=0.137, respectively) after CIA. Serum IL-17 and IFN-γ in the CIA group were significantly decreased at day 9, 13 and 18 post-immunization (P<0.05), and were comparable at day 23 post-immunization (P=0.078 and P=0.979, respectively). Conclusions: Inflammation was markedly inhibited after catgut implantation at Pishu (BL20) and Shenshu (BL23) acupoints in experimental autoimmune uveitis rat model. We confirmed that CIA could block the proliferation of the Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes and regulate the secretion of relevant cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-17 .

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Terson Reported that intracranial hemorrhage may be the cause of vitreous hemorrhage. According to the literature, about 20% of patients with intracranial hemorrhage have intraocular hemorrhage, and a very few of which have obvious vitreous hemorrhage.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is about simulating and expanding human intelligence. AI based on deep learning (DL) can analyze images well by using their inherent features, such as outlines, frames and so on. As researchers generally diagnoses ocular fundus diseases by images, it makes sense to apply AI to fundus examination. In ophthalmology, AI has achieved doctor-like performance in detecting multiple ocular fundus diseases through optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, fundus photographs, and ultra-wide-field (UWF) images. It has also been widely used in disease progression prediction. Nonetheless, there are also some potential challenges with AI application in ophthalmology, one of which is the black-box problem. Researchers are devoted to developing more interpretable deep learning systems (DLS) and confirming their clinical feasibility. This review describes a summary of the state-of-the-art AI application in the most popular ocular fundus diseases, potential challenges and the path forward.

Objective: To compare the effects and distinctions among three methods of phacoemulsification training: EYESi simulator (Dry-lab), Wet-lab, and a combined approach. The aim is to identify a method that is both scientifically grounded and efficient in enhancing phacoemulsification skills. Methods: 18 first-year residents undergoing residency training at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University were randomly assigned to three groups: Dry-lab, Wet-lab, and Combined. Each group, consisting of 6 individuals, underwent a specific training regimen—8 sessions of effective simulator training for the Dry-lab group, 8 Wet-lab sessions for the Wet-lab group, and a combination of 4 effective simulator sessions with 4 Wet-lab sessions for the Combined group. Pre- and post-training questionnaires were administered to assess simulation effects and student satisfaction. Additionally, the training effect in the three main steps of phacoemulsification was evaluated using a pig eye model. Results: Both the EYESi simulator and Wet-lab proved effective in facilitating the learning of microscopic instrument use, providing a commendable operating experience. However, Wet-lab surpassed the virtual simulator in terms of stereoscopic sensation (P=0.007), similarity to the human eye (P<0.001), and assistance in mastering techniques(P=0.003). Simulator training demonstrated an advantage in shortening the overall training time (P<0.001). The combined training mode exhibited superior effectiveness compared to single Wet-lab training (P=0.014) and simulator training alone (P=0.012). Overall satisfaction was higher in the Combined group compared to Wet-lab training (P=0.042) and simulator training (P=0.042). Conclusion: Both the EYESi simulator and Wet-lab have distinct advantages in phacoemulsification training. However, the combination of the two methods emerges as a more effective, efficient, and satisfying approach.

Background: Previous studies have proposed an automated customized program named MATLAB used in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) measurements in Triton optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. But it is not open-source and not easy to obtain, which will largely restrict its application in clinical practice and medical research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of the Smooth Level Sets macro (SLSM), a free and open-source program, and compared with the manual measurements and MATLAB in the FAZ quantification in Triton OCTA.
Methods: Thirty-five eyes of 35 healthy subjects were scanned four times continuously using Triton OCTA. Manual and automated methods including the SLSM and MATLAB were used in the FAZ metrics (area, perimeter, and circularity) of the superficial capillary plexus. The accuracy, repeatability of all methods, and agreement between automated and manual methods were analyzed.
Results: The SLSM presented higher accuracy with a higher average Dice coefficient (0.9506) than MATLAB (0.9483), which was just second to the manual method (0.9568). Both the SLSM [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) =0.987; coefficient of variation (CoV) =3.935%] and MATLAB (ICC =0.983; CoV =4.165%) showed excellent repeatability for the FAZ area. They also had excellent agreement with manual measurement (SLSM, ICC =0.973; MATLAB, ICC =0.968).
Conclusion: The SLSM exhibits better accuracy than MATLAB in the automated FAZ measurement in Triton OCTA, the results of which were comparable to those obtained by manual measurement. This free and open-source program may be an accessible and feasible option for automated FAZ segmentation on Triton OCTA images.

ABSTRACT Aim We report two cases of endothelial corneal allograft rejection following immunisation with SARSCoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine BNT162b2 and describe the implications for management of transplant recipients postvaccination for COVID-19. Methods A 66-year-old woman with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and a unilateral Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) transplant received COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 14 days post-transplant. Seven days later, she presented with symptoms and signs of endothelial graft rejection. An 83-year-old woman with bilateral DMEK transplants for FECD 3 and 6 years earlier developed simultaneous acute endothelial rejection in both eyes, 3weeks post second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. Rejection in both cases was treated successfully with topical corticosteroids. Conclusions We believe this is the first report of temporal association between corneal transplant rejection following immunisation against COVID-19 and the first report of DMEK rejection following any immunisation. We hypothesise that the allogeneic response may have been initiated by the host antibody response following vaccination. Clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential of corneal graft rejection associated with vaccine administration and may wish to consider vaccination in advance of planned non-urgent keratoplasties. Patients should be counselled on the symptoms and signs that require urgent review to allow early treatment of any confirmed rejection episode.