目的：结合医院小儿眼科常见病种调研国内儿童眼用制剂药物临床试验开展现状，为儿童眼用制剂药物临床试验的发展提供参考。方法：基于国家药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台和医院信息系统，结合郑州市第二人民医院儿童眼科病种，分析儿童眼科药物临床试验开展情况。 结果：医院门诊就诊患者以屈光不正最多（占68.49% ），其次是结膜炎（占11.25%），再次是斜视（占8.60%）。平台共检索到相关临床试验165项，儿科专用药物临床试验25项，其中延缓青少年近视方面试验24个，小儿结膜炎试验1个，其他病种药物临床试验检测结果为0；药物临床试验中以I期和Ⅲ期临床试验为主；延缓青少年近视方面试验已完成试验8项，其他都在进行中。结论：儿童眼科疾病的药物治疗尚有巨大的临床需求未满足，直接关系到了儿童健康权益保障与生命安全维护。当前国内儿童眼用制剂研发呈现企业参与度低、创新动力不足的现状，其核心制约因素在于项目少、难度大、涉及更多的伦理问题。建议通过政产学研协同创新，系统性推进儿童眼用制剂的研发进展，切实解决我国儿童眼病治疗用药难的问题，为儿童视觉健康提供有力保障。

Objective：Combined with the common diseases of pediatric ophthalmology in our hospital, the current situation of clinical trials of ophthalmic preparations for children in China was investigated to provide reference for the development of clinical trials of ophthalmic preparations for children in China. Methods：Based on the national drug clinical trial registration and information publicity platform and hospital information system, combined with the pediatric ophthalmic diseases in our hospital, the development of pediatric ophthalmic drug clinical trials was analyzed. Results：Among the outpatients in our hospital, ametropia was the most common ( 68.49 % ), followed by conjunctivitis ( 11.25 % ) and strabismus ( 8.60 % ). A total of 165 clinical trials and 25 clinical trials of pediatric drugs were retrieved from the platform, including 24 trials on delaying juvenile myopia, 1 trial on pediatric conjunctivitis, and 0 clinical trial on other diseases. Drug clinical trials were mainly phase I and phase III clinical trials. Eight trials have been completed to delay juvenile myopia, and others are in progress. Conclusions：There is still a huge clinical demand for the drug treatment of children 's eye diseases, which is directly related to the protection of children 's health rights and life safety. At present, the research and development of children 's ophthalmic preparations in China presents the current situation of low enterprise participation and insufficient innovation motivation. The core constraints are fewer projects, greater difficulty, and more ethical issues. It is suggested to systematically promote the research and development of ophthalmic preparations for children through the collaborative innovation of government, industry, university and research, so as to effectively solve the problem of difficult medication for children 's eye diseases in China and provide a strong guarantee for children 's visual health.

近年来，热疗因其操作简便和显著疗效，在干眼及相关眼病治疗中受到关注。热疗通过加热睑板腺区域，软化睑脂，改善睑板腺导管通畅，广泛应用于睑板腺囊肿、睑腺炎、睑缘炎及睑板腺功能障碍等眼病。此外，热疗还有效缓解视疲劳和干眼不适，促进眼部创口愈合，减少感染风险。在中国古代，《黄帝内经》及《韩非子》早期记载了热疗技术的应用。西汉《淮南子》提到烧灼法用于眼病，东晋葛洪的《肘后备急方》描述了热敷治疗眼部不适的方法。隋唐时期的《备急千金要方》和《外台秘要》详细介绍了热疗的应用，宋代《圣济总录》和《龙树菩萨眼论》进一步精细化了热疗技术。明清时期的《普济方》和《目经大成》中记载了热疗的新进展。由此，古代热疗在眼科应用中积累了丰富的经验，尽管现代医学技术不断进步，但这些传统方法仍具有重要参考价值。

In recent years, heat therapy has gained attention for its simplicity and significant efficacy in treating dry eye and related ocular conditions. By heating the meibomian gland area, heat therapy softens meibomian secretions and improves gland duct patency, making it widely used for chalazion, hordeolum, blepharitis, and meibomian gland dysfunction. Additionally, it effectively alleviates visual fatigue and dry eye discomfort, promotes ocular healing, and reduces the risk of infection.In ancient China, the application of heat therapy was recorded early in texts such as the Huangdi Neijing and Han Feizi. The Huainanzi from the Western Han Dynasty mentions the use of cautery for eye diseases, while Zhouhou Beiji Fang by Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty describes methods for treating eye discomfort with hot compresses. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Beiji Qianjin Yaofang and Wai Tai Mi Yao provided detailed accounts of heat therapy applications. The Song Dynasty works *Shengji Zonglu* and Longshu Bodhisattva's Eye Treatise further refined the techniques. The Ming and Qing dynasties’ texts Pujifang and Mujing Dacheng documented new advancements in heat therapy.In summary, ancient heat therapy for ophthalmology accumulated substantial experience. Despite advances in modern medical technology, these traditional methods still hold significant reference value.

患者，男性，1岁9个月。以“发现右眼上、下眼睑肿物25 d”首诊于眼科，要求切除，但经影像学及病理学检查，诊断为多发性朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症，且全身骨骼多处出现溶骨性改变，不符合切除指征。给予多次全身化学治疗后眼部肿物明显变小。该例诊治提醒眼科医生，眼部肿物可由全身系统性疾病引起，不可盲目切除，必要时做进一步检查。术中切除物均建议行病理活组织检查，以免延误治疗。

patient, male, 1year and 9months old, was first diagnosed as “eye tumor” in the ophthalmology department and requested for excision. But it was diagnosed as multiple Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) through imaging and pathological examination ultimately.Bone lytic changes appeared in many parts of the whole body, which did not meet the indication of excision.The tumor was smaller after systemic chemotherapy. The diagnosis and treatment of this case suggests ophthalmologists that eye tumors can be caused by caused by systemic diseases, systemic diseases. During operation, it is recommended to perform pathological biopsy to avoid treatment delay.

目的：评价并汇总眼科成人日间手术患者病区护理管理的最佳证据，提高临床护理质量。方法：检索国内外数据库建库至2022年6月的日间手术患者病区护理管理的相关证据，包括系统评价、临床决策、证据总结、指南及专家共识。由2名研究人员独立对文献进行质量评价后，根据主题对证据进行提取和汇总。结果：根据纳入标准，共筛选出13篇文献，包括5篇专家共识、3篇证据总结、1篇循证实践、2篇系统评价、1篇指南。通过文献阅读、证据提取和归类，从日间手术护士准入资质、制定临床护理路径、院前管理、病历标准化、手术当日术前管理、术后管理、出院评估、康复及随访指导8个方面形成17条最佳证据。结论：该项目总结了眼科成人日间手术患者病区护理管理的最佳证据，可为护理管理者制定眼科日间手术病区流程方案、实践标准提供循证依据。

Objective: To evaluate and summarize the evidences of nursing management of ophthalmic postoperative adult patients intra-day ward, and improve the quality of clinical nursing. Methods: The related databases were searched from the  establishment to June 2022. The searching contents include systematic review, clinical decision-making, evidence  summary, guidelines and expert consensus on nursing management in postoperative patients intra-day wards at home  and aboard. Based on the theme, the evidences were extracted and summarized after independent literature quality  evaluation was conducted by 2 researchers. Results: Base on the inclusion criteria, a total of 13 pieces of literature were  selected, including 5 expert consensus, 3 evidence summaries, 1 evidence-based practice, 2 systematic reviews and 1  guideline. Through literature review, evidence extraction and classification, a total of 17 pieces of evidence on 8 aspects  were summarized, including admission qualifications for daytime surgical nurses, development of clinical nursing path,  pre-hospital management, medical record standardization, preoperative management on the day of surgery, postoperative  management, discharge assessment, rehabilitation and follow-up guidance. Conclusion: This article summarized the  best evidence of nursing management for ophthalmic adult day surgery patients in intra-day ward,to provide scientific  evidences for nursing managers to develop ophthalmic intra-day ward guidelines and practical standards.

眼睛由屈光系统和视觉神经系统两大部分构成，是人体最重要的感觉器官之一。眼部各组织的发育或功能异常都可能造成不同程度的视力损害。目前主要通过动物实验或体外细胞培养的方法探究眼病的病理生理机制和治疗手段，但上述两种方法都存在一定的局限性。体外细胞培养不能完全反映器官的形态、结构和生化特征，而动物模型的物种和遗传背景具有异质性。近年来，随着原代组织、胚胎干细胞、诱导多能干细胞衍生的体外三维结构类器官和器官微流控芯片技术的不断发展，构建出了与在体器官的结构、功能更为相似的器官克隆模型，能够提供更敏感、定量、规模化的表型分析，更好地应用于眼的发育、生理结构、疾病机制、个性化医学诊断和治疗方法等方面的研究。目前，眼科的微流控器官芯片与类器官技术在角膜、晶状体、泪腺、视网膜结构发育和疾病模型均展现出巨大的应用潜力。

The eye is composed of refractive system and visual nervous system. It is one of the most important sensory organs of the human body. The abnormal development or function of eye tissues may cause various degrees of visual impairment. At present, the pathophysiological mechanism and treatment of eye diseases are mainly explored through animal experiments and in-vitro cell culture. However, they are of certain limitations. The in-vitro cell culture cannot fully reflect the morphological, structural and biochemical characteristics of organs, whereas the animal models are heterogeneous of species and genetic background. In recent years, with the continuous development of in-vitro three-dimensional structure organoids and organ microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology derived from primary tissues, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, organ cloning models more similar to in vivo organs in terms of the structure and function have been constructed. These models can provide more sensitive, quantitative and large-scale phenotypic analysis, and can be better applied to the research of eye development, physiological structure, disease mechanism, personalized medical diagnosis and treatment. At present, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip and organoids technologies have shown great application potential in the structural development and disease models’ construction of cornea, lens, lacrimal gland and retina.

目的：探讨督导式教学门诊在眼科住院医师规范化培训中的具体实践和教学效果。方法：通过合理排班、限制号源等措施设立每周固定的督导式教学门诊时间，安排老师和学员出诊；在教学门诊开展4个月后，通过问卷调查和临床技能考核的形式采集反馈意见并评估教学效果。 结果：共有16名老师和8名学员参加了督导式教学门诊，调查问卷结果显示100%的带教老师和学员认可该教学模式，参加过教学门诊的学员临床技能考核得分显著高于对照组(t =3.631， P<0.05)。结论：督导式教学门诊应用于眼科住院医师规范化培训具有实际可行性，并可以提高学员的临床技能水平。

Objective: To explore the application and effects of supervised teaching clinic in standardized training of ophthalmology residents. Methods: A weekly supervised teaching clinic was set through reasonable scheduling and limiting the registration numbers. After 4 months of application, feedbacks were collected through questionnaire survey from both the teachers and residents. Clinical skills assessments were also taken to evaluate the teaching effect. Results: A total of 16 teachers and 8 residents participated in the supervised teaching clinic. The results of the questionnaire showed that 100% of the teachers and residents agreed with the teaching mode. The clinical skill assessment scores of the residents who participated in the teaching clinic were significantly higher than those of the control group (t=3.631, P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of supervised teaching clinic in standardized training of ophthalmology residents is feasible and can improve the clinical skills of the residents. 

当下，我国眼科的发展存在失衡现象，大城市与农村及偏远地区在眼科相关诊疗设施水平、诊疗技术等方面存在巨大差异，仍需探寻新的智能诊疗模式以解决失衡问题。由于眼球是唯一可以直接观察人体血管和神经的器官，眼部可反映其他脏器的健康状态，部分眼科检查的医学图像可对眼部疾病做出诊断等特点，眼科开展人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)具有独到的优势。此外，人工智能可在一定程度上提高跨时间空间传递信息的精准度及效率。人工智能在眼科及远程信息传递的优势为解决眼科发展失衡状况提供了助力。本文从眼科人工智能在眼科远程医疗相关应用的角度，主要分析并总结当下我国人工智能在眼科相关疾病远程医疗中的发展程度、所具优势以及存在问题，并讨论眼科人工智能在远程医疗的应用展望。

At present, there is an imbalance in the development of ophthalmology in China. There are huge differences in the level of ophthalmology related facilities, diagnosis and treatment technologies between big cities and rural, remote areas. New intelligent diagnosis and treatment models are still needed to solve the imbalance. Since the eye is the only organ that can directly observe the blood vessels and nerves of the human body, the eye can reflect the health status of other organs and diagnosis of eye diseases based on medical images of some ophthalmic examinations can be made as well as other characteristics. Therefore, the development of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology has unique advantages. In addition, artificial intelligence can improve the accuracy and efficiency of information transmission across time and space to a certain extent. The advantages of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology and telematics are helping to solve the imbalance in ophthalmology development. From the perspective of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine, this paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the development degree, advantages and existing problems of artificial intelligence in the telemedicine of ophthalmic diseases in China, and discusses the prospect of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine.

脂质运载蛋白2（LCN2/NGAL）是一种多效性分泌糖蛋白，通过调控铁代谢、炎症反应及细胞死亡（铁死亡、凋亡）等机制，广泛参与眼科疾病的病理进程。生理状态下，LCN2在角膜上皮、视网膜神经节细胞层等部位低表达；病理条件下，其表达显著上调且功能呈现高度背景依赖性。在各类眼科疾病（如干眼症、角膜疾病、葡萄膜炎、青光眼、视网膜疾病等）中，既可表现为促炎促凋亡的致病因子，亦能发挥抗炎保护作用。靶向调控LCN2表达或其下游通路可能为眼科疾病治疗提供新策略。

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2/NGAL) is a multifunctional secretory glycoprotein that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ophthalmic diseases by regulating iron metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell death pathways (ferroptosis, apoptosis). Under physiological conditions, LCN2 is expressed at low levels in tissues such as the corneal epithelium and retinal ganglion cell layer. However, its expression is significantly upregulated under pathological conditions, exhibiting highly context-dependent functionality. In major ophthalmic diseases—including dry eye disease, corneal disorders, uveitis, glaucoma, and retinal diseases—LCN2 can act either as a pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic pathogenic factor or as an anti-inflammatory protective agent. Targeted modulation of LCN2 expression or its downstream pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for ocular diseases.

目的：评估EYESi手术模拟器在眼科医师专科培训玻璃体手术中的教学效果。方法：招募中山大学中山眼科中心进行专科医师规范化培训的15名学员，开展眼底手术培训课程，随机分为A组、B组、C组，每组各5名学员。以培训开始前进行初次视网膜脱离手术作为基础分数，除玻璃体后脱离项目、视网膜前膜及内界膜项目等基础练习内容外，A组仅接受双手剪刀训练，B组仅接受激光训练，C组同时接受双手剪刀训练及激光训练。最后所有学员再进行视网膜脱离手术项目作为最终考核成绩。记录下学员的每次得分和操作时间。结果：培训后学员视网膜脱离手术得分较培训前提高（P<0.001）。C组与A组学员最终视网膜脱离手术得分高于B组学员（P<0.05）。有内眼手术经验的学员初次视网膜脱离手术得分高于无内眼手术经验的学员，且手术时长低于无内眼手术经验的学员（P<0.05）。结论：EYESi手术模拟器能有效提高眼科医师的手术操作信心及玻璃体视网膜手术操作技能，双手剪刀训练模块是玻璃体视网膜手术培训中的重要模块。

Objective: To assess the instructional efficacy of the EYESi surgical simulator in training ophthalmology residents on vitreoretinal surgical procedures. Methods: Fifteen ophthalmology residents participating in standardized specialist training program at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, were randomly assigned to three groups (A, B, C; n=5 per group). All participants underwent an initial baseline assessment through simulated retinal detachment surgery. In addition to standard training modules covering posterior vitreous detachment, anterior retinal membrane peeling, and inner limiting membrane manipulation, Group A received supplementary bimanual scissors training, Group B underwent laser training, and Group C received both types of advanced training. The final assessments were carried out using the same retinal detachment simulation, with performance scores and operation times carefully recorded. Results: Post-training surveys revealed significant increases in both trainees’ self-confidence and their self-assessed surgical proficiency. Objective performance scores for retinal detachment surgery showed marked improvement after training (P < 0.001). Groups C and A achieved significantly higher final scores compared to Group B (P < 0.05). Participants with prior intraocular surgical experience scored higher and completed procedures more quickly in the baseline assessment than those without such experience (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The EYESi simulator proves to be an effective tool for enhancing surgical skills and boosting operational confidence in vitreoretinal surgery training. In particular, bimanual instrumentation training offers significant educational value in the development of advanced microsurgical techniques.

目的：通过真实的临床病例，分析青光眼与非青光眼性视神经病变的不同表现，提高疾病的鉴别诊断能力。方法：采用病例研究与文献回顾方法，记录3例易误诊为正常眼压性青光眼（normal tension glaucoma, NTG）的神经眼科病例，通过视力、眼压、瞳孔对光反应、视盘形态、RNFL厚度、视野损害等特点，抽丝剥茧，得出诊断。结果：病例1视野呈弓形缺损，但视盘凹陷不深，且对侧眼“视盘拥挤”，随访期间发生急性前部缺血性视神经改变(anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, AION)，最终确诊“AION遗留视神经萎缩”。病例2视力下降、视野缺损与视神经结构损害不相符，经完善MRI确诊为“左侧视神经鞘膜瘤”。病例3青年男性，中心视力下降，视盘凹陷不深，根据DNA结果确诊Leber遗传性视神经病变（Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, LHON）。结论：通过几个典型的神经眼科病例，掌握AION、视神经鞘膜瘤、LHON的结构和功能损害特征，如视盘凹陷不深、中心视力下降、视神经结构损害与视功能不相符，与NTG相鉴别。

Objective: To analyze the differentiating manifestations of glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies using real clinical cases and to enhance the ability to make differential diagnosis. Methods: By using case study and literature review methods, we recorded three neuro-ophthalmic cases that were prone to being misdiagnosed as normal tension glaucoma (NTG). The diagnosis was established by extracting features related to visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pupillary light reflex, optic disc morphology, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and visual field damage. Results: Case 1 presented with arcuate visual field defects, shallow optic disc cupping, and contralateral crowded discs. During follow-up, the patient subsequently developed acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), and the final diagnosis confirmed was confirmed as optic atrophy secondary to AION. Case 2 exhibited a disproportionate visual acuity decline and visual field defects that were inconsistent with glaucomatous structural damage. MRI confirmed the diagnosis of left optic nerve sheath meningioma. Case 3 involved a young male who presented with central vision loss and shallow optic disc cupping. Genetic testing confirmed Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Conclusions: Through these representative neuro-ophthalmology cases, we illustrate the characteristic patterns of structural and functional damage associated with  AION, optic nerve sheath meningioma, and LHON, such as shallow optic disc cupping, central vision loss, and inconsistency between  optic nerve structural damage and visual function. These findings highlight the key differentiating features of these conditions from NTG.