目的：调查八年制临床医学生对眼科学直播课堂的满意度及教学效果。方法：基于八年制临床医 学生的直播课堂教学体验视角，进行问卷调查、课堂测验及课程考试，问卷内容包括调查对象基 本情况、直播课堂教学评价及满意度3个部分。采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析。结果：共 92名学生完成了问卷调查，男37名，女55名，年龄为(22.9±0.71)岁。课堂内容、课堂资源、平台设 计、平台技术及学习交流5个纬度的得分为40.60±4.582、17.43±2.814、13.07±1.759、13.14±2.052、 20.82±2.685；其中，与线下课堂交流相似性、学习交流积极性2个子条目的得分最低，分别为 3.42±1.131、3.85±0.864，这二者具有相关性(r=0.276，P=0.008)。直播课堂满意度的总得分为 13.52±1.872，课堂内容对其有显著影响(P<0.001)，标准化回归系数为0.687。相较于课前测验，课 测验成绩(65.9±11.4分)的提升差异具有统计学意义(P=0.033)；但是与2013级相比，2015级学生的 课程考试成绩(72.6±7.0分)降低，差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。结论：课堂内容对直播课堂教学满 意度具有重要影响，需要注意直播课堂与线下课堂交流方式的差异，改进学习交流的参与积极性， 以提升教学效果。

Objective: To investigate the satisfaction and teaching effect of 8-year program medical students in live-streamed classroom on ophthalmology. Methods Based on teaching experience of live-streamed classroofrom the perspective of the 8-year program medical students, a questionnaire survey, classroom tests and course examination were conducted. The content of the questionnaire includes 3 parts: the basic information of the respondents, evaluation of live-streamed classroom teaching and its satisfaction. The SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 92 students completed the questionnaire survey, including 37 males and 55 females, aged (22.9±0.71) years. The sores of content, resource, platform design, platform technology and learning communication of live-streamed classroom were 40.60±4.582, 17.43±2.814, 13.07±1.759, 13.14±2.052 and 20.82±2.685, respectively. Among all items, the scores of the similarity of offline classroom communication styles and enthusiasm for communication were lowest, with the points of 3.42±1.131 and 3.85±0.864, respectively, and the correlation of the two items were statistically significant (correlation coefficient =0.276, P=0.008). The total score of the live-streamed classroom satisfaction was 13.52±1.872. The classroom content has a significant effect on the satisfaction of the live-streamed classroom (P<0.001), and the standardized regression coefficient is 0.687. Compared with the pre-class test, the post-class test score was 65.9±11.4, with a statistically significant improvement (P=0.033); however, compared with grade 2013, the course test score of the students of grade 2015 was 72.6±7.0, with a statistically significant reduction (P=0.009). Conclusion: The classroom content has an important impact on the satisfaction of live-streamed classroom teaching. It is necessary to pay attention to the communication difference between live -streamed classroom and offline classroom settings, and improve the enthusiasm for participation in the study communication, in order to improve the effectiveness of teaching. 

接触镜在全球的应用日益广泛，配适方法的不断进步是目前接触镜安全性、舒适性不断提高的原因之一。在接触镜适配过程中，越来越多的先进影像技术被运用于指导接触镜的配适，这些技术的出现简化了接触镜适配的过程，为临床医生进行简便、准确、个性化的接触镜适配提供了帮助，也为接触镜的个性化设计提供了参考数据。

Contact lens has been widely applied worldwide, and the advancement of fitting strategy is one of the reasons which improve the safety and comfort of contact lens fitting. During the contact lens fitting procedure, more and more ophthalmic imaging modalities have been applied to guide the contact lens fitting. These techniques simplify the contact lens fitting procedure, help optometrists accurately perform the customize contact lens fitting, and assist the personalized contact lens design technique.

目的：了解目前眼科住院医师规范化培训前职业认同感现状，并探讨相关影响因素。方法：于2024年7—8月，通过问卷调查法调查64名临床医学眼科住培医师，了解其住院医师规范化培训前的职业认同感现状和影响因素，同时探讨规范化培训对于其职业认同感的影响及作用，通过描述性分析、t检验、单因素方差分析、Pearson相关性分析、多元线性回归分析等方法对相关数据进行分析。结果：规范化培训前，职业认同感评分、职业认知、职业情感、职业承诺、职业行为、职业期望、职业价值观等评分分别为（143.16±12.25）（3.60 ± 0.94）（3.98 ± 0.71）（3.61 ± 1.01）（3.89 ± 0.65）（3.84 ± 0.78）（3.71 ± 0.86）分。规范化培训后，眼科住培医师职业期望评分略有降低，与规范化培训前比较差异有统计学意义 (均P  < 0.01), 其他职业认同度部分条目评分在规范化培训前后比较差异无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。女生对于眼科医学的职业情感（P = 0.01）及职业价值观高于男生（P = 0.03）。本科时担任学生干部的眼科住培医师职业情感高于非学生干部的学生（P < 0.01）。第一选择为眼科的眼科住培医师的医学职业期望（P  < 0.01）和职业价值观更高（（P = 0.02）。而学历、临床医学志愿选择与职业认同感差异均统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。此外，规范化培训一定程度增强了眼科住培医师的显微操作能力和职业信心。结论：住院医师规范化培训前眼科住培医师的职业认同感较高，但仍有待进一步提高。眼科住培医师的职业认同感与职业看法、培训内容、教学资源等因素密切相关。

Objective: To investigate the current status of professional identity among ophthalmology residents before standardized resident training and to explore the influencing factors. Methods: A survey was conducted from July to August 2024 involving 64 clinical ophthalmology residents. The survey assessed their professional identity before standardized resident training and examined the impact and role of pre-residency training on their professional identity. Descriptive analysis, t-tests, univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: Before pre-residency training, the scores for overall professional identity, professional cognition, professional emotion, professional commitment, professional behavior, professional expectations, and professional values were (143.16 ± 12.25), (3.60 ± 0.94), (3.98 ± 0.71), (3.61 ± 1.01), (3.89 ± 0.65), (3.84 ± 0.78), and (3.71 ± 0.86), respectively. However, after pre-residency training, the score for professional expectations among ophthalmology residents decreased slightly (P < 0.01), while no significant statistical differences were observed in other items related to professional identity (all P > 0.05). Female residents had higher scores in professional emotion (P = 0.01) and professional values (P = 0.03) than male residents. Ophthalmology residents who had served as student leaders during undergraduate studies had higher scores in professional emotion (P < 0.01). Residents who chose ophthalmology as their first preference had higher scores in professional expectations (P  < 0.01) and professional values (P = 0.02). However, no significant differences were found among educational levels, clinical medicine preferences, and professional identity. In addition, pre-residency training enhanced the residents micro-surgical skills and professional confidence. Conclusions: The professional identity of clinical ophthalmology medical students before standardized resident training is relatively high but still needs improvement. Professional identity is closely related to factors such as professional views, training content, and teaching resources.

目的：结合眼科住院医师规范化培训(住培)的特点，建立基于钉钉平台的全面质量管理模式(total quality management, TQM)，探索一种高效的顺应时代特征的眼科教学管理模式。方法：研究团队依托中山大学中山眼科中心，选取82名眼科四证合一的住培一年级的学生作为研究对象，并将其随机分为两组，试验组41人采用基于钉钉平台的TQM模式进行全过程教学管理，采用全员参与、全程跟踪、全面评价的管理模式以保障教学质量。对照组41人接受传统的教学管理模式。观察指标为两组间教学前后测试分数、教学后满意度调查的问卷得分等。结果：通过对两组学生进行课前课后的测试，TQM模式组相较于传统模式组在学习成绩有所提升，课前课后分数的差值分别为40(30,40)分和30(20,50)分，比较差异有统计学意义(P =0.031)。问卷调查结果显示，两组满意度总分比较差异无统计学意义[10(10,10) 分 vs. 10(9,10)分，P =0.207]，但在满意度分项内容掌握性上，TQM模式组分值高于传统模式组[5(5,5)分 vs. 5(4,5)分，P =0.046]。结论：基于钉钉平台的TQM模式在眼科教学中能够有效提高住培的教学质量与学生满意度，相比传统教学管理模式具有更大的教学优势，可为眼科住培提供了一种创新且实用的教学管理模式，对于培养适应时代需求的高水平眼科医师具有重要意义。

Objective: To combine the characteristics of standardized training for ophthalmic resident physicians, establishes a Total Quality Management (TQM) model based on the DingTalk platform, and explored an efficient ophthalmic teaching management model that adapts to the characteristics of the times. Methods: The research team, based at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, selected 82 first-year postgraduate students undergoing the national standardized training for resident doctors (STRD) as participants, randomly allocating them into two groups. The experimental group consisting of 41 trainees received TQM-modeled online learning via the DingTalk platform, adopting a management model of full participation, full process tracking, and comprehensive evaluation to ensure teaching quality. While the control group, also comprising 41 trainees, underwent traditional offline instruction. The TQM group engaged in live streaming lectures on the DingTalk platform, whereas the conventional group continued with face-to-face teaching in classroom. Data including pre- and post-teaching scores, as well as scores from satisfaction surveys are analyzed. Results: Comparing pre- and post-teaching scores, significant statistical differences were found between the TQM and traditional groups, with mean score improvements of 40(30,40) points and 30(20,50) points, respectively, indicating statistical significance (P =0.013). Furthermore, the questionnaire survey revealed that the TQM group scored higher than the traditional group in aspects such as course design, clinical relevance, content mastery, and instructor satisfaction. In addition, the questionnaire survey showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the total satisfaction score between the two groups (10(10,10) points vs. 10(9,10)points P =0.207), but in terms of mastery of satisfaction sub items, the TQM model group scored higher than the traditional model group (5(5,5) points vs. 5(4,5) points, P =0.046). Conclusions: The application of a TQM-based model on the DingTalk platform significantly enhances the teaching quality and student satisfaction in the residency training of ophthalmologists, demonstrating greater pedagogical advantages over traditional methods. This efficient ophthalmic teaching management model thus provides a promising solution for standardized residency training in ophthalmology, and holds considerable importance for nurturing highly competent ophthalmologists who can meet the demands of the current era.

红光是波长范围在620~760 nm的可见光，兼有良好的光化学和热作用，其穿透力较强，能够达到皮肤深层及组织内部，从而产生一系列的生物效应。在眼科领域，红光疗法最初主要应用于弱视和眼睑皮肤相关疾病的治疗，随着研究的进一步深入，红光逐渐被应用于控制近视进展和视网膜相关疾病。目前，重复低强度红光(repeat low-level red-light, RLRL)在近视进展的控制效果得到充分肯定，成为红光疗法在眼科应用最受关注的热点之一，其主要可能机制包括红光照射能激活线粒体中的细胞色素C氧化酶的活性，促进三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 生成，改善网膜缺氧状况；促进一氧化氮 (nitric oxide, NO)的合成和释放，引起脉络膜血管的扩张及血流量的增加；诱导巩膜细胞外基质的重塑，增加巩膜的强度。此外，红光疗法可抑制视网膜感光细胞调节通路中的氧化应激、炎症和细胞凋亡，减轻眼表炎症反应和疼痛，有助于周围神经损伤后修复等。文章针对红光疗法在近视、视网膜相关疾病、弱视及眼睑皮肤相关疾病的治疗机制、有效性及安全性进行综述，为红光疗法在眼科领域的应用提供重要的参考价值和依据。

Red light is visible light with a wavelength range of 620-760 nm, which has excellent photochemical and thermal effects. It can penetrate deeply into the skin and tissues with strong power, resulting in a series of biological effects. In the field of ophthalmology, red-light therapy was initially mainly used in the treatment of amblyopia and eyelid skin-related diseases, and with the further development of research, red light has been gradually used in the myopia control and the study of retina-related diseases. At present, the effect of repeated low-intensity red light (RLRL) on myopia progression has been fully recognized, and it has become one of the most concerned hotspots in the application of red-light therapy in ophthalmology. The main possible mechanisms include that red light therapy can activate the activity of cytochrome C oxidase in mitochondria, promote ATP production, and improve retinal hypoxia. It can also induce the synthesis and release of NO, cause the expansion of choroidal vessels with improvement of blood flow, and increase scleral strength by remodeling of scleral extracellular matrix. In addition, red- light therapy can reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the regulatory pathways of photoreceptor cells, reduce eye inflammation and pain, and help repair peripheral nerves after injury. This article will review the mechanism, effectiveness and safety of red-light therapy in myopia, retinal diseases, amblyopia, and eyelid skin-related diseases, in order to provide important reference value and basis for the application of red-light therapy in ophthalmology.

碳点是一种新型荧光碳纳米材料，直径一般小于10 nm，具有自发荧光、高生物组织相容性、易于修饰、成本低廉等优点，在生物医学领域拥有广阔的应用前景。眼球因其独特的屏障结构，常规药物停留时间短、穿透性差，通过局部滴眼到达病灶的药物浓度有限，需要增加给药频次以保持药效。另外，糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)、脉络膜新生血管(diabetic macular edema,CNV)等疾病的治疗给药则需依赖于玻璃体腔注射，该方法属于有创操作，有引起潜在并发症的可能，且需多次注射，给患者造成了沉重的心理和经济负担。优化眼部给药方法一直是眼科学领域的研究热点。基于碳点的优异特性，碳点在眼部药物递送、眼部成像、眼疾病诊疗中已展现出优秀的应用潜力。本综述将综合介绍碳点的特点及近十年来碳点在眼科疾病诊疗中的研究进展，旨在提供关于碳点在眼科应用现状的系统性认识，为未来研究提供方向。

Carbon dots is a new type of fluorescent carbon nanomaterial, which the diameter is generally less than 10 nm, has the advantages of self-fluorescence, remarkable biocompatibility, easy modification, low cost and so on, has a broad application prospect in the biomedical field. Due to the unique barrier of the eye, conventional drugs have a short residence time and poor penetration, so the concentration of drugs that can reach the lesions through local eye drops is limited, and for what to increase the frequency of administration to maintain efficacy. Up to now, the treatment of posterior eye diseases, such as diabetic macular edema (DME), choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and other diseases still rely on repeated vitreous injection, which is an invasive procedure with potential complications, and need multiple injections, causing a heavy psychological and economic burden on patients. Optimizing the method of ocular drug delivery has always been a hot topic in the field of ophthalmology. Carbon dots have shown excellent application potential in the ocular drug delivery, ocular imaging, and diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease based on its excellent characteristics. This review will systematically introduce the characteristics of carbon dots and the application of carbon dots in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current situation of the application of carbon dots in ophthalmology and provide directions for future research.

数字眼科技术的蓬勃发展已经渗透于眼科各领域，并为眼科前沿技术研究带来了重大变革。文章对眼科前沿技术研究和发展进行综述，重点关注各项技术的突破和成果，聚焦国内的同时也放眼全球，阐明近年来全球数字眼科前沿技术现状和成果。如人工智能可运用于诸多疾病的精准监测、高发疾病的高效评估、远程医疗的技术支持等，提高了筛查、诊断、治疗等各环节的精确度和效率，减轻了医生的负担，展现了极大的应用潜能。其余各类技术方面，如数字成像技术也取得了飞跃式进展，在手术导航和影像诊断方面实现突破；3D建模技术和机器学习技术在手术设计和提高手术成功率方面立下汗马功劳，为世界各地的眼科疾病患者提供了更为高效、便捷的服务。此外，数字眼科技术还呈现出多元化发展的态势，与多学科协同交流，交叉运用。虽然诸多眼科前沿技术还处在发展初期，距离全覆盖实施仍有一定距离，在算法的准确性和可解释性、医疗伦理、民众接受度、医疗纠纷、临床技术挑战等问题上还存在很多不确定性。但毫无疑问的是，随着医学水平的日益提升，上述技术必会得到不断完善和普及。

The rapid evolution of digital ophthalmology technology has profoundly transformed various fields within ophthalmology. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the research and advancements in cutting-edge ophthalmology technologies, emphasizing both domestic and global breakthroughs and achievements. For instance, artificial intelligence has demonstrated remarkable potential in precise monitoring of various diseases, efficient assessment of high-prevalence conditions, and the technological support for telemedicine, thereby enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of screening, diagnosis, treatment processes, while alleviating the workload of medical professionals. Additionally, digital imaging technology has made significant strides in surgical navigation and diagnostic imaging, while 3D modeling and novel machine learning techniques have contributed to surgical planning and enhanced surgical success rates, ultimately delivering more efficient and convenient services to patients with eye diseases worldwide. Despite the diversified development trends and interdisciplinary collaborations that digital ophthalmology technology exhibits, many of these cutting-edge technology are still in their infancy, facing challenges in achieving high coverage, algorithm accuracy and interpretability, medical ethics, public acceptance, medical disputes, and clinical technical hurdles. Nonetheless, while the continuous advancement of medical standards, it is anticipated that these technologies will undergo further refinement and widespread adoption.

外泌体(exosome)是直径30 nm~150 nm的纳米级囊泡，由脂质双分子层、蛋白质和遗传物质组成。人体内几乎所有类型的细胞都能分泌外泌体。它们在细胞通信、免疫调节、炎症反应和新生血管形成中起着关键作用。目前，外泌体已在肿瘤、心血管及泌尿系统中得到广泛研究。近年来，外泌体在眼科疾病中的作用受到越来越多的关注。外泌体在角膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、青光眼等常见眼科疾病的发生、发展中发挥重要作用。不同间充质干细胞来源的外泌体在眼科疾病中的治疗潜力是当下的热点。间充质干细胞来源的外泌体具有与间充质干细胞相似的抗炎、抗凋亡、神经保护和组织修复的作用，因此外泌体可能是多种眼科疾病无细胞疗法治疗研究的新方向。进一步了解外泌体的生物学特性以及外泌体在眼科疾病的最新研究进展，将为相关眼病的发生机制和防治策略提供参考依据。

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with a diameter of 30 nm to 150 nm, which are composed of lipid bilayers, proteins, and genetic material. Almost all types of cells in the human body can secrete exosomes. Tey play key roles in cellular communication, immune regulation, infammatory responses and neovascularization. At present, exosomes have been widely studied in tumors, cardiovascular and urinary systems. In recent years, the role of exosomes in eye diseases has attracted more and more attention. The exosomes play an important role in the occurrence and development of common eye diseases such as keratopathy, age-related macular disease, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, etc. Currently it is a hot topic that the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from diferent mesenchymal stem cells in eye  diseases. Te exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have anti-infammatory, anti apoptotic, neuroprotective and tissue repairing effects, which are similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, exosomes may be a novel direction of research in the treatment of many eye diseases without cell therapy. Further understanding of the biological characteristics of exosomes and the latest research progress of exosomes in common eye diseases will provide reference for the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of related eye diseases.

 目的：了解医学专业学位硕士(专硕)研究生培养并轨住院医师规范化培训制度下的眼科专硕科研能 力现状，并提出提升科研能力的对策。方法：对哈尔滨医科大学三所附属医院眼科学76名不同年级 专硕研究生的科研能力现状、阻碍科研学习的因素、科研训练意愿等进行问卷调查。结果：在目前 的培养模式下，专硕科研和临床知识基础相对薄弱及临床学习任务繁重是科研学习的主要障碍。 结论：提出教学基地可以因需施教、提供多模式科研训练；强化临床诊疗培训为科研思维培养助 力；导师可以结合新时代发展背景优化科研选题策略、拓宽学生科研视野等措施。

Objective: To understand the current situation of scientific research ability of postgraduates with professional degrees in ophthalmology and put forward improvement measures. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on the current situation of scientific research ability, scientific research obstacles and scientific research training willingness, 76 postgraduate students of different grades majoring in ophthalmology of three affiliated hospitals of Harbin Medical University were involved. Results: Under the merging residency training system, the foundation of scientific research and clinical knowledge of postgraduates is relatively weak, and the heavy clinical learning task were the main obstacles to scientific research of postgraduates. Conclusion: It is proposed that the teaching bases could provide multi-mode scientific research training to cater to students' individual needs. Not only clinical diagnosis and treatment training could be strengthened to cultivate students’ scientific research thinking, but scientific research topic selection strategy could be optimized by to meet the demand for development of times and broaden students’ scientific research vision.

在眼科住院医师规范化培训中，医学人文素质的培养对医患沟通能力与职业素养的塑造具有重要价值。医学人文不仅关乎医生的执业能力，更直接影响医疗服务的质量与患者满意度。文章分析了当前眼科住培医师人文素养教育现状及其重要性。在此基础上，提出了培养住培医师的人文素质的方法和途径：1）通过入培前的人文素养专题培训，强化住培医师的医患沟通意识，使其在进入临床实践前就树立正确的人文理念；2）借助医院服务中心的实践活动，让住培医师亲身参与患者服务，从而培养他们的同理心，更好地理解患者的需求与感受；3）开展医学人文读书活动，引导住培医师阅读经典人文著作，深化他们的人文情怀，提升职业素养；4）组织科室人文析议会，针对临床实践中常见的伦理困境进行研讨，帮助住培医师学会在复杂情境中做出合理决策；5）实施思政与医学人文融合的实践，拓展住培医师的人文视野，使其在专业技能提升的同时，不忘人文初心。该文旨在为眼科住培医师的人文素质培养提供理论支持和实践指导。通过这些方法的实施，期望培养出更多具备高人文素养的眼科医疗专业人才。

Strengthening medical humanities education is of vital significance in the standardized training of ophthalmology residents, as it contributes to enhancing their doctor-patient communication skills and professional ethics. This paper examines the current situation and significance of humanities education for ophthalmology residents. On this basis, the paper suggests five concrete methods and approaches for fostering residents' humanistic qualities, such as: (1) strengthening doctor-patient communication awareness through pre-training humanities courses to establish a proper humanistic mindset before clinical practice; (2) developing empathy by participating in hospital service center activities through hands-on patient service experiences; (3) deepening humanistic sentiment and enhancing professional ethics through medical humanities reading activities featuring classical works; (4) discussing clinical ethical dilemmas via departmental humanities analysis meetings to help residents develop decision-making skills in complex scenarios; (5) expanding humanistic horizons through the integration of ideological and political education with medical humanities practice, ensuring professional skill development aligns with humanistic principles. This paper aims to offer theoretical support and practical guidance for the humanities education of ophthalmology residents, with the objective of cultivating more ophthalmology professionals with both clinical excellence and high humanistic caliber.