To uphold academic integrity and ensure research transparency, Eye Science strictly adheres to the guidelines on conflict of interest set by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Conflicts of interest include any financial or other interests that could potentially bias the authors' work, affecting the objectivity and credibility of the research.

In accordance with the requirements of ICMJE, all authors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest related to their submitted manuscripts. The purpose of this disclosure is to provide readers with information that may help them evaluate factors that could influence the authors' judgment. Conflicts of interest include relationships—whether financial or personal—with any profit or non-profit entities that may be affected by the manuscript's content.

We require all authors to complete and submit the ICMJE Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form during the initial manuscript submission, and update the form when necessary. This process can be completed at the time of the first revision of the manuscript, but never later than the acceptance of the manuscript.

Each published article will include a “Conflict of Interest” statement. If no conflicts are disclosed, the statement will indicate that “All authors declare no conflicts of interest.” If any conflicts are disclosed, the statement will list all potential conflicts reported by the authors.

Before the manuscript is accepted, the corresponding author must confirm or update the conflict-of-interest statement. This confirmation or update is an essential part of the review process and is the final step before the manuscript is accepted.

For more information about conflicts of interest and to access the disclosure form, please visit the ICMJE website (http://www.icmje.org/conflicts-of-interest/).