Eye health is an important part of national health. Visual impairment, including blindness, seriously affects people’s physical health and quality of life, increases the burden on families and society, threatens social and economic production activities, and is a major public health and social problem related to people’s livelihood. Amblyopia,as one of the main visual disorders in early childhood, is the primary factor causing low vision in adolescents, which affects their academic and mental health and increases the risk of blindness. Therefore, it is urgent to do a good job in the prevention and rehabilitation of amblyopia. By summarizing existing studies, it is found that traditional treatment methods for amblyopia at home and abroad include occlusion therapy, refractive correction, and depressive therapy, while perceptual learning, visual function training, electronic video games, acupuncture and so on are gradually emerging in recent years and widely used in recent years. There are numerous studies on the impact of age on the rehabilitation of amblyopia. By sorting out the previous research results, this paper puts forward the countermeasures of establishing visual acuity files for children and adolescents, establishing the five- in-one rehabilitation treatment layout model, and combining clinical treatment for adolescent amblyopia, in order to provide reference and choice for the rehabilitation treatment of adolescent amblyopia, and promote the development of the eye health cause of adolescent amblyopia rehabilitation.

Objective: To explore the application and effects of supervised teaching clinic in standardized training of ophthalmology residents. Methods: A weekly supervised teaching clinic was set through reasonable scheduling and limiting the registration numbers. After 4 months of application, feedbacks were collected through questionnaire survey from both the teachers and residents. Clinical skills assessments were also taken to evaluate the teaching effect. Results: A total of 16 teachers and 8 residents participated in the supervised teaching clinic. The results of the questionnaire showed that 100% of the teachers and residents agreed with the teaching mode. The clinical skill assessment scores of the residents who participated in the teaching clinic were significantly higher than those of the control group (t=3.631, P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of supervised teaching clinic in standardized training of ophthalmology residents is feasible and can improve the clinical skills of the residents. 

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been applied to analyze clinical big data and images and then make intelligent diagnosis, prediction and treatment decisions. It is gradually becoming an advanced technology to assist clinical and scientific research. Biobank is a platform for collecting clinical information and samples for scientific research, serving as a bridge between clinical and scientific research. It is also an integrated platform of clinical information and scientific research data. However, there are some challenges. First, clinical and laboratory information obtained is incomplete. Additionally, the information among different databases is asymmetric, which seriously impedes the information sharing among different Biobanks. In this article, the specific application scenarios of AI technology and blockchain in the construction of a Biobank were discussed, aiming to pinpoint the core direction of the information construction of an intelligent Biobank in the era of big data.

At present, there is an imbalance in the development of ophthalmology in China. There are huge differences in the level of ophthalmology related facilities, diagnosis and treatment technologies between big cities and rural, remote areas. New intelligent diagnosis and treatment models are still needed to solve the imbalance. Since the eye is the only organ that can directly observe the blood vessels and nerves of the human body, the eye can reflect the health status of other organs and diagnosis of eye diseases based on medical images of some ophthalmic examinations can be made as well as other characteristics. Therefore, the development of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology has unique advantages. In addition, artificial intelligence can improve the accuracy and efficiency of information transmission across time and space to a certain extent. The advantages of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology and telematics are helping to solve the imbalance in ophthalmology development. From the perspective of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine, this paper mainly analyzes and summarizes the development degree, advantages and existing problems of artificial intelligence in the telemedicine of ophthalmic diseases in China, and discusses the prospect of the application of ophthalmic artificial intelligence in telemedicine.

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, and ocular and visual dysfunction is one of the common non-motor symptoms of PD, further affecting PD patients’quality of life. Reduced dopamine concentrations and deposition of α-synuclein in the retina of PD patients have been shown in studies. At present, there is still a lack of effective tools for early diagnosis and assessment of PD. Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography can reveal abnormalities in the microstructure and microvasculature of the retinal layers, and researchers applying these techniques have found that the thickness of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and the retina in the macula in PD patients have had varying degrees of thinning, and the density and complexity of capillaries in the superficial and deep capillary plexus of the retina have been reduced. Further, investigators have explored the clinical application of these techniques in PD and have found that they can be used to detect pathological changes occurring in early PD, reflect the course and severity of the disease, and play a role in differential diagnosis. In conclusion, retinal-correlated testing may be an indicator to assess the severity of brain pathology in PD patients and to aid in disease diagnosis and monitoring the progression of PD, although large sample, multicenter replication studies are still needed to provide more reliable results.

Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a highly heterogeneous group of inherited retinal diseases（IRDs）primarily caused by dysfunction of retinal photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells. The main clinical features include stationary night blindness and impaired dark adaptation, with patients often exhibiting significant reduction in night vision at birth. Accompanying symptoms may include early-onset myopia, nystagmus, strabismus, and hyperopia. Unlike progressive IRDs such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), patients with CSNB typically show relatively normal or only mildly abnormal fundus findings, and the disease is less progressive. Electroretinography (ERG) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, classification, and treatment guidance for CSNB. The prevalence of CSNB is relatively low, categorizing it as a rare disease; however, its true incidence may be underestimated. This is partially due to its mild symptoms and often unremarkable fundus findings, leading to frequent neglect of retinal function examinations in clinical practice, which results in a high rate of missed or misdiagnosed cases. Therefore, in-depth research and understanding of the phenotypic characteristics and pathogenesis of CSNB are of great significance for improving clinical diagnosis. This review aims to comprehensively explore the disease spectrum of CSNB, including clinical manifestations of different types, imaging and functional phenotypic characteristics, as well as related genetic genes and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, the article will summarize the associations between genotype and phenotype, review the latest research findings and future directions, with the aim of enhancing domestic understanding of CSNB, providing reference and guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment, and offering new insights for future research.

In recent years, the prevalence of myopia has been on the rise, becoming a global public health issue with significant negative impacts on individuals, society, and even at the national level. Myopia is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors, leading to variations in prevalence across different regions. To slow down the onset and progression of myopia, it is crucial to focus on early detection and prevention, along with other effective treatment interventions to achieve the best control and prevention outcomes. This article reviews the current state of research on the epidemiology and screening indicators of myopia.

OBJECT: To study a modified technique of "One-stitch anastomosis through the skin over the punctum with bicanalicular intubation" for the repair of canalicular laceration with ultrashort temporal segment (CLUTS), to preliminarily investigate the safety and efficacy of this surgical approach in cases when the horizontal distance between the lacrimal punctum and the broken end is less than 2 mm. METHOD：A retrospective analysis was conducted on 12 patients with CLUTS, occurring between December 2017 and December 2023, whose the horizontal distance between the lacrimal punctum and the broken end is less than 2 mm. All patients underwent repair of the canalicular laceration using the "one-stitch anastomosis through the skin over the punctum with bicanalicular intubation". The surgical procedure involved identifying the broken ends of the canalicular laceration under a surgical microscope, inserting a bicanalicular stent into the aimed canaliculus, and suturing it with 5-0 silk suture. The lacrimal stent was removed more than 3 months after operation, and the improvement degree of epiphora symptoms, the patency of lacrimal duct, the recovery of skin wound, and the complications such as poor wound healing, suture knot remained or exposure were observed. RESULT: A total of 12 cases (12 eyes) were included. All patients presented with canalicular laceration, and the distance between the broken end of the lacrimal punctum was less than 2mm but greater than 0.5mm. All patients underwent successful treatment using a "punctum-crossed one-stitch anastomosis through the skin with bicanalicular intubation". The patients were discharged after 7 days post-surgery, with an average interval of 12.5 weeks (± 0.8 weeks) prior to the removal of the lacrimal stent. Out of the 12 cases, 11 achieved complete recovery, while one showed improvement. One case exhibited laceration of inferior lacrimal punctum and partial canalicular erosion. Additionally, one patient experienced unexpected partial prolapse of the stent from the inner canthus at week six post-surgery; so underwent extraction of the stent in advance, which had no effect on the curative effect. The follow-up period lasted for an average duration of 13.6 weeks (± 0.5 weeks), during which all cases demonstrated satisfactory healing without any occurrence of traumatic deformity of eyelid and inner canthus, and there was no suture knot remained or was exposed, the symptoms of epiphora disappeared, the lacrimal canaliculus was unobstructed. CONCLUSION: One-stitch anastomosis through the skin over the punctum with bicanalicular intubation is a safe and effective modified method to repair the CLUTS, with good wound healing，there was no suture residual in the wound or exposed from it.

Purpose : To investigate the rhodopsin expression in form-deprived and defocus myopiain guinea pig and study the relationship between the rhodopsin expression andexperimental myopia.
Methods: Fourty guinea pigs were randomized into the form-deprived group and thedefocus group (n = 20 ). Guinea pigs in the form-deprived group wore a diffuser(rigidgass-permeable contact lens(RGP)on one eye since one week after birth. Those in defocus group wore a -4 D RGPon one eye. The contralateral eyes were left ascontrol. Refraction, axial length and depth of vitreous cavity were measured after 1and 2 weeks respectively. Retina were dissected at 10 ~ 12 o'clock in the moring.The level of rhodopsin and its mRNA were observed through Western-blot and real-time PCR respectively.
Result : There is no difference between form-deprived group, defocus group and controlgroups(except refraction in form-deprived group). One week later, there is nodifference between the form-deprived group, the defocus group and the control groups(except refraction in form-deprived group). Two weeks later, eyes in the form-deprivedgroup and the defocus group became myopic. Its axial length lengthened and depth ofvitreous cavity appeared deep. The form-deprived groups showed an increasedexpression of rhodopsin and its mRNA compared to the control groups. There is nodifference between the defocus group and the control groups.
Conclusion : Expression of rhodopsin might involve formation of form-deprived myopia,but has less influence on defocus myopia.

Purpose: To compare the effect of fresh versus preserved amniotic membrane transplant-ation for conjunctival surface reconstruction after symblepharon lysis and analyze the associated factors.

Methods: Fifty-one consecutive cases (55 eyes) with symblepharon at different degree due to eye burns or Stevens-Johnson syndrome were accepted lysis of symblepharon and amniotic membrane transplantation. Twenty-two eyes of them were performed with fresh amnion grafts, the others (33 eyes) with preserved human amniotic membrane. Eleven eyes were performed within 1 year and forty eyes in 1 to 8 years (mean value, 2.0±0.7 years) after eye burns.

Results: The follow-up time varied from 12 to 32 months (mean value, 19.3±4.1 months) . Fifty-six point four percent (31 /55) eyes got enough deep conjunctival fornix and resolution of eye movement restrict. Sixteen percent of them (9 /55) recurred less symblepharon and remained slightly eye movement restrict. Fifteen- five eyes of them (27.3%) recurred moderate symblepharon. The effects of surgery were similar between fresh and preserved AMT (X² =0.466, P=0.797) . The effects of AMT for those patients with symblepharon at different degree had significant difference statistically (fresh amnions, X²=27.995, P =0.000; preserved amnions, X²=33.610, P =0.000) . The same results were observed between those patients who were performed in different time periods after eye burns ( X² =4.243, P=0.039) .

Conclusion: Fresh amnion has the same effect as preserved one for conjunctival surface reconstruction. The degree of symblepharon and the surgical environment of the ocular surface in the affected eye before surgery will influence the results of amniotic membrane transplantation for conjunctival surface reconstruction.