视网膜神经纤维层是视网膜的最内层，主要由来自视网膜神经节细胞的无髓鞘轴突组成，此外还有神经胶质细胞与视网膜血管，其厚度与年龄、眼球增长、眼底结构改变等因素相关。光学相干断层扫描可以清晰展示角膜、视网膜、脉络膜、视神经等高分辨率断层图像，可以在活体上显示生物学组织的细微结构，在临床与科研中已获得广泛应用。在青光眼视神经病变中，光学相干断层扫描可以发现视野异常前的视网膜神经纤维层损害，已成为青光眼早期诊断与视神经损伤程度检测的重要手段。除视神经病外，越来越多的研究表明许多视网膜血管疾病、神经元变性疾病等视网膜疾病也有视网膜神经纤维层的损伤。探讨视网膜疾病与神经纤维层的关系，将有利于进一步推进对视网膜疾病发病机制及病理改变的认识。本文就视网膜神经纤维层的定量评估与多种视网膜疾病的关系展开综述，为其在视网膜疾病中的应用提供参考。

The retinal nerve fiber layer, the innermost layer of the retina, consists mainly of unmyelinated axons from retinal ganglion cells, as well as glial cells and retinal blood vessels , the thickness of which is related to factors such as age, ocular growth and fundus structure changes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can clearly display the cornea, retina, choroid, optic nerve and other high-resolution tomography images. It can show the fine structure of biological tissues in vivo, which has been widely used in clinical and scientific research. In glaucomatous optic neuropathy, OCT can detect the damage of retinal nerve fiber layer before abnormal visual field, which has become an important means of early diagnosis of glaucoma and detection of the degree of optic ner ve damage. In addition to optic neuropathy, more studies have shown that many retinal diseases such as retinal vascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases also have retinal nerve fiber layer injury. Exploring the relationship between retinal diseases and nerve fiber layer will be beneficial to further promote the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathological changes of retinal diseases. This paper reviews the relationship between the quantitative evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and various retinal diseases, and provides reference for its application in retinal diseases.

后视路病变是视交叉以后的视觉通路其本身或毗邻结构发生病变，引起视觉功能改变的一类疾病。神经眼科医生比较熟悉枕叶病变引起的对称性同侧偏盲，但枕极(纹状皮质的最后部分)的病变产生中心性对称性同向盲点，此类视野改变容易被忽略或误诊。该文报道一例老年男性患者，因双眼视觉清晰度下降、视物变形就诊。眼科检查：最佳矫正视力：右眼0.8，左眼1.0，FM-100检查提示重度色觉异常，颅脑磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)提示双侧枕叶脑梗死(右侧枕极部，左侧纹状皮质前部)，24-2 Humphrey视野检查可见双眼同向暗点趋势(不典型)，10-2 Humphrey视野检查可见双眼中心视野同向偏盲(暗点)，故而确诊。后视路病变可引起多种特征性的视野改变，可伴有高级视功能异常及其他神经系统症状和体征，是神经眼科的重要组成部分。该例枕极脑梗死病变产生对称性同向性盲点伴色觉改变患者的诊治过程，提示需关注后视路病变视野改变的多样性及其他视觉功能异常，提高早期诊断率，改善患者预后。

The disease of the posterior visual pathway is a kind of lesion in which the visual pathway itselfor its adjacent structure changes after optic chiasma causes pathological changes, resulting in changes in visual function. Neuro-ophthalmologists are familiar with symmetrical ipsilateral hemianopia caused by occipital lobe lesions, but occipital tip (the last part of the striatal cortex) lesions produce central symmetrical homonymous scotomas, which can easily be overlooked or misdiagnosed. This article reported a case of an olderly male patient treated with decreased binocular visual clarity and distortion. Ophthalmology examination: best corrected visual acuity: 0.8 in the right eye, 1.0 in the left eye; FM-100 examination indicated severe dyschromatopsia; cranial magnetic resonance imaging: infarction of bilateral occipital lobe (right portion of the occipital tip and left anterior portion of striate cortex); 24-2 Humphrey field examination showed a tendency of homonymous scotoma in bilateral eyes (atypical); 10-2 Humphrey field examination showed homonymous hemianopia (scotoma) in the central visual field. These results confirm a diagnosis of the disease of the posterior visual pathway. As an important part of neuro-ophthalmology, the posterior visual pathway can cause various characteristic visual field defects, which can be accompanied by advanced visual dysfunction and other neurological symptoms and signs. The diagnosis and treatment process of this case of occipital tip cerebral infarction with symmetrical homonymous blind spot accompanied by color vision changes suggests that attention should be paid to the diversity of visual field changes and other visual functional abnormalities in the posterior visual pathway lesions, so as to improve the early diagnosis rate and prognosis of the patient s.

YAMANE式后房型人工晶状体巩膜层间固定术是近年出现的一种人工晶状体悬吊术式。该文介绍了笔者结合实际条件对其改良后的手术步骤，手术关键点及使用经验。在缺乏足够囊膜支撑的条件下，此手术方式微创、安全、有效，术后恢复快。在随访期间(最长5年)，视力稳定，未出现人工晶状体脱位、移位、倾斜，人工晶状体夹持及人工晶状体襻暴露等并发症，值得临床推广应用。

The YAMANE intrascleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) is a new technique in recent five years for IOL suspension. This article introduces a modified YAMANE technique including surgical procedure, key points and using experience. In the absence of adequate capsular support, this procedure is minimally invasive, safe, effective and has a fast postoperative recovery. During the follow-up period (up to 5 years), the visual acuity was stable, and there were no complications such as luxation of lens, displacement, tilt of intraocular lens, intraocular lens clamping and IOL haptic exposure.

临床上囊袋张力环(capsular tension ring,CTR)与睫状体接触导致的反复持续性高眼压较为少见，本文报告一例改良型CTR植入术后反复持续性高眼压的病例，行“巩膜悬吊线松解术”后高眼压状态有效缓解，考虑可能与巩膜固定缝线过紧，造成改良型CTR局部与睫状体相接触，刺激睫状体分泌过量房水有关。

Recurrent intraocular hypertension caused by contact between capsular tension ring (CTR) and ciliary body is rare clinically. We report a case of recurrent intraocular hy pertension after modified CTR implantation. The IOP returned to normal levels when released the scleral suture. We speculated that the ciliary process irritated by MCTR might increase aqueous humor secretion because of a tight scleral suture.

眼表菌群是定植于眼表的各种微生物群落，以细菌为主。在正常情况下，眼表菌群与人体眼表组织的细胞和平共生，维持眼表的稳态，共同保证眼表的健康。但在环境改变或免疫力低下的情况下，眼表菌群会发生变化，与眼部疾病的产生与发展关系密切，对人类的健康造成巨大的危害。随着组学研究的不断发展，我们对眼表菌群有了新的认识，为眼表疾病的发病机制、治疗开辟了新的思路，同时也提出了新的挑战。本文对国内外眼表菌群与疾病关系进行综述，为眼表疾病的发生、发展以及治疗提供参考。

The microbiome of the ocular surface consists of various microbial communities that colonize on the eye surface, mainly bacteria. The stabilization of the microbiome and the other ocular surface components plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface. However, unpredictable changes of ocular surface microbiome are strongly associated with ocular surface diseases in the situation of environmental changes or destruction of immune system. With the innovation of inspection technology, the current gene sequencing technology is applied to detect the ocular surface microbiome and confirm that the eye microbiome is closely related to ocular surface diseases. This paper investigates the corelation of ocular surface microbiomes and diseases. Moreover, we provide areference for the occurrence and development of ocular surface diseases and their treatment.

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)是发生于老年期或老年前期的中枢神经系统退行性病变，以进行性认知功能障碍为特征。随着社会老龄化加剧，AD已成为全球公共卫生问题，亟需研发更敏感、便捷和经济的筛查技术进行早期防控。眼球运动与认知功能密切相关，且眼球运动检查有非侵入性、成本低、检查时间短等优点。研究眼球运动异常和认知功能障碍之间的相关性，有助于研发更简便易操作的认知功能障碍筛查工具。随着人工智能技术的发展，机器学习算法强大的特征提取和计算能力对处理眼球运动检查结果有显著优势。本文对既往AD患者与眼球运动异常之间的相关性研究进行综述，并对机器学习算法模型辅助下，基于眼球运动异常模式进行认知功能障碍早期筛查技术开发的研究前景予以展望。

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs in old age or early old age. It is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction. With the world population aging, AD has become a global public health problem. The development of a more sensitive, convenient, and economic screening technology for AD is urgently needed. The eye movement function is closely related to cognitive function. Moreover, eye movement examination has advantages including non-invasiveness, low cost, and short examination time. Researches on the correlation between abnormal eye movement and cognitive dysfunction can help to develop a simple and easy-to-use screening tool for cognitive dysfunction. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the dominant feature extraction and computing capabilities of machine learning algorithms have a significant advantage in processing eye movement inspection results. This article reviews the correlation between AD and eye movement abnormalities aiming to provide the research prospects of early screening technology development for cognitive dysfunction based on abnormal eye movement with the application of machine learning models.

近年来随着医疗领域数字化、信息化建设的加速推进，人工智能的应用越来越广泛，在眼科医学方面尤为突出。婴幼儿处于视觉系统发育的关键时期，此时发生的眼病往往会造成不可逆的视功能损伤，带来沉重的家庭和社会负担。然而，由于婴幼儿群体的特殊性以及小儿眼科医生的短缺，开展大规模小儿眼病筛查工作十分困难。最新研究表明：人工智能在先天性白内障、先天性青光眼、斜视、早产儿视网膜病变以及视功能评估等领域已经得到相关应用，在多种婴幼儿眼病的早期筛查、诊断分期、治疗建议等方面都有令人瞩目的表现，有效解决了许多临床难点与痛点。但目前婴幼儿眼科人工智能仍然不如成年人眼科发展充分，亟须进一步的探索和研发。

In recent years, with the acceleration of digitalization and informatization in medical field, artificial intelligence (AI) is more and more widely applied, especially in ophthalmology. Infants are in the critical period of visual development, during which eye diseases can lead to irreversible visual impairment and bring heavy burden to family and society. Due to the particularity of infants and the shortage of pediatric ophthalmologists, it is challenging to carry out large-scale screening for eye diseases of infants. According to the latest studies, AI has been studied and applied in the fields of congenital cataract, congenital glaucoma, strabismus, amblyopia, retinopathy of prematurity, and evaluation of visual function, and it has achieved remarkable performance in the early screening, diagnosis stage and treatment suggestions, solving many clinical difficulties and pain points effectively. However, AI for infantile ophthalmology is not as developed as for adult ophthalmology, so it needs further exploration and development.

目的：调查新疆英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年近视前期 ( 屈光度≤+0.75 D且>-0.50 D)患病率及其相关因素,为该地区近视防控提供依据。方法：在2024年5—6月采用简单抽样法选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县一所中学和芒辛镇一所小学的学生进行问卷调查、视力、散瞳验光、眼轴、眼前段、眼底检查等横断面评估，分析纳入等效球镜(spherical equivalent，SE)度数较高眼的数据，采用单因素和多因素逻辑回归分析人口学特征、家族史、用眼行为、生活习惯等潜在相关因素与近视前期的关系。结果：共纳入3 247名参与者，男性占50.14%，女性占49.86%。近视前期1 652人(50.88%)，近视621人(19.12%)，非近视974人(30.00%)。近视前期患病率为50.88%(95%CI:49.16%~52.60%)，近视患病率为19.12%(95%CI:17.81%~20.51%)。多因素回归分析显示，女性(OR=2.56, 95%CI:2.09~3.13, P<0.001)、较大年龄(OR=1.19, 95%CI:1.13~1.24 , P<0.001)和较长眼轴(OR=2.68, 95%CI: 2.31~3.11 , P<0.001)是近视前期的相关因素。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年中，半数处于近视前期，其相关因素包括年龄偏大、女性及眼轴偏长。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of pre-myopia (defined as spherical equivalent ≤+0.75 D and >−0.50 D) and its related factors among children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in Yingjisha County, Xinjiang, China, providing evidence for regional myopia prevention. Methods: In May and June 2024, a comprehensive assessment was carried out on students selected through simple sampling from a middle school in Yingjisha County, Kashi, Xinjiang, and a primary school in Mangxin Town, Yingjisha County. The assessment included a questionnaire survey, visual acuity test, dilated eye refraction measurement, axial length measurement, anterior segment examination, and fundus examination. The data included eyes with high spherical equivalent (SE) power. Single-factor and multiple-factor logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics, family history, eye-use behavior, lifestyle habits, and other potential related factors with pre myopia. Results: A total of 3,247 participants were included in the study, with 50.14% being male and 49.86% female. Among them, 1,652 (50.88%) individuals had preclinical myopia, 621 (19.12%) had myopia, and 974 (30.00%) had non myopia. The preclinical prevalence of myopia was 50.88% (95% CI: 49.16-52.60), and the prevalence of myopia was 19.12% (95% CI: 17.81-20.51). Multivariate regression analysis showed that female (OR=2.56, 95% CI: 2.09-3.13, P<0.001), older age (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.24, P<0.001), and longer axial length (OR=2.68, 95% CI: 2.31-3.11, P<0.001) were related factors in the preclinical stage of myopia. Conclusions: Among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashi, Xinjiang, half were in the preclinical stage of myopia. The related factors include older age, female gender, and axial length.

Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征是一种主要累及眼前节的慢性前葡萄膜炎。由于病因不明，诊断主要依赖于临床表现，因此眼部结构改变对该病的诊治极为关键。长期慢性炎症致使Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征患眼从角膜、前房至视网膜及脉络膜，均存在或明显或隐匿的结构改变。本文综述了患眼眼前节的特征性改变：角膜存在特征性的角膜后沉着物以及内皮细胞密度降低、形态改变；前房出现闪辉和细胞，房水中可检测到炎症因子和病毒；虹膜可见特征性萎缩，表现为脱色素和自体荧光改变。三者的结构改变直接反应炎症状态，可为病因机制研究提供线索。白内障和飞蚊症作为常见并发症，与反复的炎症相关，亦伴随着晶状体和玻璃体的结构改变。晶状体-玻璃体界面结构的改变为理解并发症的进展机制与防治方案提供了新思路。Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征的眼底结构改变隐匿。黄斑区视网膜厚度是否改变尚未定论，另有多项研究认为视网膜血流密度降低。视盘神经节细胞层厚度降低可能与并发性青光眼相关。脉络膜也存在血管层厚度和血流密度改变，也许是慢性炎症的表现。总而言之，关于Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征的眼部结构改变，尚有诸多疑问有待深入探索。

Fuchs uveitis syndrome is a chronic anterior uveitis that predominantly impacts the anterior segment of the eye. Since its etiology remains unclear, diagnosis largely relies on clinical manifestations.  Consequently, alternations in ocular structure play a pivotal role in both the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Due to the persistent nature of chronic inflammation, a range of structural changes occur, spanning from the cornea and anterior chamber to retina and choroid. This article provides a detailed account of the characteristic changes in the anterior segment. In the cornea, characteristic keratic precipitates are observable, accompanied by a reduction in endothelial cell density and morphological alterations. The anterior chamber exhibits aqueous flashes and cells, where inflammatory factors and viruses can be detected. Additionally, characteristic iris atrophy is visible, presenting  as depigmentation and altered autofluorescence. These three factors collectively reflect the inflammatory state and progress with the course, potentially offering insights into the etiological mechanism. Concurrent cataract and floates, which are common complications associated with recurrent inflammation, accompanied by structural changes in the lens and vitreous. Structural alterations at the vitreol enticular interface, located between the posterior lens capsule and anterior vitreous, provide valuable clues regarding the pathogenesis of complications and provide new perspectives for therapeutic strategies. The structural changes in the fundus of Fuchs syndrome are often insidious. While it remains undetermined whether the retinal thickness in the macular region undergoes changes, numerous studies suggest a decrease in retinal blood flow density. Thinning of the ganglion cell layer in the optic disc may be linked to concurrent glaucoma. The choroid also experiences changes in the thickness of vascular layer and blood flow density, which could be a manifestation of chronic inflammation. In conclusion, numerous questions regarding the ocular structural changes in Fuchs uveitis syndrome still await further exploration.

先天性白内障是晶状体发育异常引起的以晶状体混浊为特征的疾病，导致婴幼儿中重度视力损害，严重影响患儿长期生存质量，给全球带来较大的社会经济负担。目前先天性白内障的发病机制尚未得到很好的阐明，遗传因素虽在其中扮演重要角色，但已知基因突变仅能解释约30%的病例，大多数患儿发病原因仍不明确。晶状体的透明性依赖于晶状体上皮细胞和纤维细胞精密有序的排列，这与受到严格调控的晶状体发育过程密切相关，任何环节异常均可能导致晶状体早期混浊。故阐明调控晶状体发育的分子与细胞机制，是深入探究先天性白内障病因的前提。表观遗传学是在DNA序列不改变的情况下，对控制基因的活性和表达的因素进行研究的学科，包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑、非编码RNA调控等多种修饰，近年受到生命科学领域研究者较多的关注。在眼发育及眼部各类疾病机制探索中，表观遗传调控已被证实参与多种生理与病理过程。本综述通过总结已发表的与晶状体发育和先天性白内障发病机制相关的表观遗传学研究，尝试汇总与先天性白内障发生发展相关的表观遗传分子及通路，为进一步揭示疾病机制提供理论依据，并为未来的临床诊疗提供新的思路和方法。

Congenital cataract is a disease characterized by lens opacity due to abnormal lens development.This opacity results in moderate to severe visual impairment in infants and young children, significantly impacting their long-term quality of life and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden globally. The pathogenesis of congenital cataract remains not fully understood. Although genetic factors play a significant role, known gene mutations account for only about 30% of cases, leaving the underlying cause unclear for the majority of affected children. Lens transparency depends on the precise, ordered arrangement of lens epithelial cells and fiber cells, a process that is closely tied to the strictly regulated lens development. Abnormalities at any stage of development may lead to early lens opacity. Therefore, clarifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate lens development is a prerequisite for investigating the etiology of congenital cataract. Epigenetics is the field of study that focuses on factors controlling gene activity and expression without altering DNA sequences. It encompasses a wide range of modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA regulation, and has garnered significant attention from researchers in recent years. In the context of ocular development and the mechanisms underlying various eye diseases, epigenetic regulation has been shown to participate in multiple physiological and pathological processes. This review synthesizes published research on epigenetics related to lens development and the pathogenesis of congenital cataract. It aims to summarize the epigenetic molecules and pathways associated with the onset and progression of congenital cataracts, providing a theoretical foundation for further elucidating disease mechanisms and offering new insights and approaches for future clinical diagnosis and treatment.