Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noncontact, noninvasive, and rapid angiography technique. It provides vascular images by detecting changes in the optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal of red blood cells in the blood vessel. Since this technique does not require injection of angiography, it is safer than traditional ophthalmic angiography. In the examination of anterior segment diseases, OCTA can not only quantify the range and density of anterior segment blood vessels, but also shows good imaging quality, providing an objective evaluation for clinical monitoring of the disease course and response to treatment.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing is a newly developed technology to precisely modify cellular DNA sequence, which could control cell fate and phenotype and fundamentally reform disease treatment. The structure of the eye offers unique advantages as a genome editing target. Recently, a CRISPR genome editing therapy has begun to be tested in Leber congenital amaurosis 10 (LCA10) patients, and the clinical trials for more ocular diseases are about to start. The development of CRISPR/Cas genome editing tools will drive major advances in the application of gene therapies in the treatment of ophthalmic disease.

Objective: To investigate the influencing factors of compliance of patients with silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy. Methods: A total of 100 patients with silicone oil tamponade after vitrectomy in Wuxi People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected by random sampling method.The general information, possible reaction, and compliance of face-down positioning (FDP) were investigated by questionnaire. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were significant differences in patients’gender, attention to disease and FDP compliance (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between family support system and FDP (P>0.05). The main influencing factors of FDP compliance were dyspnea (84%), poor sleep (78%), the discomfort of shoulder and neck (10%); on the third day after operation, the main influencing factors were dyspnea (66%), low back pain (50%) and poor sleep (39%); on the fifth day, the main influencing factors were numbness of the limbs (70%), low back pain (87%) and poor sleep (30%), the discomfort of shoulder and neck (18%) and elbow pain (10%). Conclusion: The main factors that affect the compliance of patients are gender, self-awareness of the disease and discomfort caused by FDP. It is necessary to strengthen the identification of high-risk factors, and give symptomatic education and guidance at different stages of illness, to improve the compliance of patients to FDP.

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a common fundus complication in diabetes patients. Long term hyperglycemia will cause serious pathological damage to retinal blood vessels and endanger patients' vision. Both domestic and international studies have found that high myopia plays a certain role in inhibiting the occurrence and development of DR, and the length of the eye axis plays an important role in it. Understanding the role of high myopia long eye axis in alleviating the onset of DR is of great significance. This article reviews recent studies on high myopia and the relationship between axial length and DR, in order to further understand the correlation between axial length and DR, as well as how axial length affects the occurrence and development of DR.

The capsular tension ring (CTR) is an innovative cataract surgical adjunct that has important implications in cataract surgery. Originally designed to maintain the circular contour of the capsular bag, subsequent studies have found that the CTR has also performed well in solving zonular problems and preventing lens displacement. With further understanding and improvement of CTR, its clinical application has gradually expanded, especially when applied to surgeries with zonular weakness or zonular dialysis conditions and risks, which can reduce intraoperative risks and improve postoperative outcomes. This article summarizes the indications and contraindications for the clinical application of CTR, the timing of selection and placement, postoperative capsular bag stability, and the effects on refraction, and briefly reviews them in the context of recent relevant studies.

Objective: To evaluate the application value of empowerment education mode in health education for patients with dry eye syndrome. Methods: Patients with dry eye syndrome were recruited from Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University from June 2017 to December 2017. All patients were randomly divided into the experimental group (n=73), educated with empowerment education mode, and control group (n=73), treated with traditional health education. Patients were followed up after 1 week, 1 month,2 months and 6 months, respectively. Data were collected in each follow-up visit including ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film break up time (BUT), the frequency of home care (cleaning eyelid margin, hot compress,palpebral gland massage) and re-visit frequency. Results: The OSDI and BUT were similar between two groups before corresponding treatment (P>0.05). After the treatment, patients in the experimental group showed a downtrend in the OSDI and uptrend in the BUT. No significant changes were found in the control group during the follow-up. The frequency of family nursing and re-visit in the experimental group was statistically higher than that in the control group. Conclusion: The application of empowering education mode can improve the compliance of dry eye patients, improve the frequency of home care and follow-up visit, and mitigate the ocular surface of patients, thereby enhancing the long-term efficacy.

Objective: To investigate the satisfaction of 4-year undergraduate students in clinical medicine with clerkship teaching and its influencing factors. Methods: A satisfaction questionnaire was distributed to the last four rounds of ophthalmology clerkship students from Sun Yat-sen University. The ophthalmology clerkship adopts a "dual practice" teaching model, and continuously optimizes it from two aspects: "external" (teaching structure) and "internal" (teaching content). Results: A total of 75 students completed the questionnaire survey. Among the most satisfactory clerkship courses, ophthalmology had the highest satisfaction rate (39 votes, 52%), followed by surgery (18 votes, 24%) and internal medicine (7 votes, 9.33%). The top 5 options in terms of comprehensive scores for influencing factors of teaching satisfaction are "A. Reasonable curriculum with prominent focuses", "B. High clerkship class teaching level", "C. Strong teaching staff", "D. Abundant clinical resources ", and "E. Advanced teaching methods ". When selecting the influencing factors that rank first (B 33.33%, A 25.86%, E 21.15%) and second (E 26.92%, B 24.56%, A 24.14%), the top three options are A, B, and E. Students attach great importance to the setting of clerkship courses, the level of clerkship courses, and the teaching methods. In terms of students' willingness to engage in ophthalmology, 5 students (6.67%) expressed great willingness, and 32 students (42.67%) expressed the possibility. Conclusion: The "dual practice" ophthalmology clerkship teaching model with continuous improvement has achieved high student satisfaction. The setting of clerkship courses, the level of small class teaching, and the clerkship teaching method are important influencing factors of clerkship satisfaction. The satisfaction of clerkship has a certain impact on students' career selection.

The patient was admitted because of reduced vision in the right eye secondary to double eyelidplasty for 1 month. Ophthalmic examination: visual acuity: OD finger counting/30 cm, OS 0.6, intraocular pressure: OD 16 mmHg, OS 15 mmHg. Bilateral upper eyelids were swollen, and the superior bulbar conjunctiva of the left eye was congested and edematous, with a black suture exposed on its surface, to which secretions were attached. The right eye presented a linear corneal scar, anterior synechia of the iris, temporal displacement of the pupil, lens opacity, and unclear fundus. A scar with a length of about 2 mm was observed on the nasal corneal margin of the left eye, accompanied by anterior synechia of the iris, nasal displacement of the pupil, and localized opacity around the lens on the nasal side. At admission, the patient was diagnosed as: 1) traumatic cataract in both eyes; 2) penetrating wounds of the cornea in both eyes; 3) sequela after double eyelidplasty. Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was performed on the right eye, and suture removal on the left eye. Postoperatively, the vision of the right eye improved, and conjunctival congestion and edema of the left eye alleviated. In this case, bilateral penetrating wounds of the cornea and traumatic cataract were caused by double eyelidplasty with suture embedding, which reminds plastic surgeons to be familiar with ocular anatomy and pay attention to ocular protection during eyelid surgery.

Objective: To compare the consistency of Kappa Angle measurements in patients with age-related cataracts using four instruments of different principles in a dark room. Methods: Sixty cases (60 eyes) of age-related cataract were adapted in the darkroom for 10 minutes. The pupil size and angle Kappa were measured by iTrace, Pentacam HR, Lenstar900 and IOLMaster700. One-way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test were used to compare the measured data among the four instruments, and Bland-Altman analysis was used for consistency comparison. Results: The measured pupil diameters of iTrace, Pentacam HR, Lenstar900 and IOLmaster700 were 4.64±0.71 mm, 2.96±0.47 mm, 4.86±0.76 mm and 4.66±0.92 mm. The Angle Kappa sizes were 0.227±0.121 mm, 0.161± 0.09 mm, 0.2±0.124 mm, 0.203±0.104 mm. The proportion of angle Kappa larger than 0.5 mm was 3.33%, 3.33%, 1.67% and 1.67%. The measurement results of angle Kappa between Pentacam and iTrace were statistically significant (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the measurement results of angle Kappa between Pentacam and Lenstar900, Pentacam HR and IOL-Master700 (P=0.044, 0.036). There was no significant difference in the results of angle Kappa measurement among the other three instruments. The subjective score of light intensity in the process of measurement of iTrace, Pentacam HR, Lenstar900 and IOLMaster700 showed that during the process of measurement, 60 cases (100%) experienced obvious discomfort caused by the light intensity in Pentacam HR, while 40 cases (66.67%) felt comfort in IOLMaster700. The differences among the subjective score of light intensity of four instruments were statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: The consistency of the measurement results of Kappa angle between Pentacam HR and iTrace, Lenstar900, IOLMaster700 in the darkroom is relatively poor, so it is necessary to be careful to replace them in clinic.

Objective: To analyze the demographic characteristics and biochemical indexes of type 2 diabetic patients in Han population in Hunan, and to find the high-risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The data of demographic characteristics and biochemical indexes of normal population, type 2 diabetic patients but without retinopathy and type 2 diabetic retinopathy in Hunan were analyzed. Group t test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the susceptibility factors of diabetic retinopathy. All the subjects were Han population. Results: There were no significant differences in gender distribution, age distribution, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c,total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, uric acid and total bilirubin between the control group [non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) group] and the type 2 diabetic without retinopathy group [non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR)group] (all P>0.05). The abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride,creatinine and low-density lipoprotein in NDM group were all lower than those in NDR group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). BMI, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and LDL in NDM group were all lower than those in type 2 diabetic retinopathy (DR) group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The comparison between the NDR group and the DR group showed that the values of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride and creatinine in the NDR group were all lower than those in the DR group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: SBP ≥150 mmHg,DBP ≥90 mmHg, HbA1c ≥9%, serum creatinine ≥100 μmol/L, triglyceride ≥3 mmol/L are the high-risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.