Cannabidiol, a non-addictive active component in cannabis extract, is one of the most popular plant-derived cannabinoids. In addition, significant progress has been made in the study of endocannabinoid systems in the ocular surface and retina. Studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system is widespread throughout the eyeball, with tissue specific distribution and function. In recent years, studies have found that cannabidiol has good anti-inflammatory, anti-injury, reducing intraocular pressure and neuroprotective effects. This review details advances in CBD research in eye diseases and the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol for various eye diseases. In addition, the challenges and future directions of CBD application in clinical ophthalmic treatment were discussed.

Cannabidiol(CBD ), a non-addictive active ingredient in cannabis extract, is one of the most popular plant-derived cannabinoids. The study on the endoenuous cannabionoid system (ESC) has made significant progress on the ocular surface and retina. CBD exists extensively in the eyeball, and its distrution and functions of anti-inflammatory, anti injury, reduced intraocular pressure, and neuroprotective effects have been found in CBD. This article introduces the research progress in CBD in eye diseases and the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol for various eye diseases in detailed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospect for the application of CBD in clinical ophthalmology were discussed.

Objective: To observe the expression and correlation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in in patients with vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A total of 20 patients with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after PDR surgery between March 2021 and August 2021 (observation group) and 15 patients with cataract surgery during the same period (control group) were included in the study. In the control group, aqueous humor was extracted during cataract surgery. Observation group was all treated with intravitreal injection of Conbercept (IVC), and aqueous solution was extracted during the first IVC treatment. The patients were followed up for 6 months after treatment. CBA method was used to detect the expression of VEGF and MCP-1 cytokines in aqueous humor of the two groups. Results: The concentrations of MCP-1 and VEGF in the control group were 302.6±83.4 pg/mL（200.5-674.2 pg/mL）和16.2±7.8 pg/mL（3.2-34.7 pg/mL）respectively, and those in the treatment group were 895±117.9 pg/mL（564.9-1004 pg/mL）和297±164.7 pg/mL（7-667.3 pg/mL）.The differences were statistically significant compared with the control group (P<0.0001). VEGF and MCP-1 had an obvious correlation（r=0.6527，P=0.0018）.The visual acuity of the treatment group at the last follow-up was significantly different from that at the first follow-up (P<0.0001), The preoperative logMAR BCVA was not significantly correlated with the postoperative IogMAR BCVA at final follow-up（r=0.093，P=0.0697）. The average injection was 1.65±0.7 times within 6 months. No obvious complications were observed during the follow-up period. Sixteen patients were treated with 1 to 4 injections of Conbercept, which resulted in complete absorption of vitreous hemorrhage. Four patients were treated with surgery again if vitreous hemorrhage was not absorbed. Conclusion: The levels of MCP-1 and VEGF in aqueous humor increased significantly in patients with vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and they were significantly positively correlated.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas (MALT) lymphoma is the most common pathologic type in primary ocular adnexal lymphoma (POAL). Currently, the clinical types and manifestations of primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (POAML) have not been well understood by ophthalmologists, and there is no consensus or guideline for clinical treatment. According to the original location, this paper focuses on the clinical manifestations of early and intermediate-stage POAML, as well as the individualized treatment for each clinical type and lesion range.

In recent years, more and more powerful molecular/cellular biological techniques of intraocular fluid have made ophthalmologists tend to only rely on these methods in the diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma because of their features of simplicity, fastness and efficiency. The molecular/cellular biological techniques of intraocular fluid cannot be used as the basis for the diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma because it can only indicate the existence of tumor cells indirectly. Intraocular tissue/cell pathology remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma, and its importance cannot be replaced by any other molecular/cell biological methods. Understanding and mastering the advantages and limitations of various diagnostic techniques, standardizing and optimizing the collection, preservation and submission process of intraocular tissue/cell specimens will help ophthalmologists improve the diagnostic efficiency and medical quality of intraocular lymphoma.

Ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease, as a general term, contains reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, atypical lymphoid hyperplasia, IgG4 related ocular disease and malignant lymphoma. The clinical diagnosis of this kind of disease should integrate patient’s symptoms, imaging features and pathology characteristics. Development of immunophenotyping, molecular pathology and other detection technology will help with the differential diagnosis of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease. This article is going to discuss the etiology, epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease, with a focus on the clinicopathological differential diagnosis of such disease.

Intraocular lymphomas (IOL) are rare malignant neoplasms including primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) and secondary intraocular lymphoma (SIOL). The former is also known as primary central nervous system lymphoma(PCNSL). The latter is a kind of lymphoma metastasizing to the eye from outside the central nervous system. IOL can further be divided into three different types. The most common type is vitreoretinal high-grade diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis. The less common type is primary choroidal extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, which is low-grade B-cell lymphoma with better prognosis.The rare type is NK/T cell lymphomas with very poor prognosis. The diagnosis of this disease is challenging for both ophthalmologists and pathologists. Laboratory testing methods mainly include cytology/pathology,immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, cytokine analysis and gene rearrangement detection. The detection of malignant lymphoid cells cytologically/pathologically is still the gold standard for diagnosing IOL. The treatment involves local chemotherapy, radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy. Most intraocular lymphomas at early stage are misdiagnosed as uveitis and proper treatment is often delayed with poor diagnosis due to the lost of best time for treatment. So far, the delay between the diagnosis and the onset of ocular symptoms ranges from 4 to 40 months. Therefore, we should fully understand the early manifestations of intraocular lymphoma and early diagnose and timely treat the disease in order to improve prognosis.

A 71 year old man presented to the hospital with vision loss after being stabbed with an iron nail in his left eye for 8 hours. Ophthalmic examination: visual acuity HM/BE in the left eye, intraocular pressure T-1, a circular iron nail with a diameter of about 2 mm was observed vertically stuck in the eye near the pupillary border at 8–9 o'clock. The injured eye's corneal wound was swollen, with some yellow-white fluids overflowing; and the lens cortex is white and turbid with no evident cortical overflow, nevertheless, the vitreous and fundus conditions are unclear, The left eyeball had a penetrating injury with intraocular foreign body retention, according to an orbital CT scan. Through 3 stages of precise surgical design and postoperative rehabilitation management, the patient recovered well, with 0.6 naked eye vision and corrected visual acuity of 0.8 in the left eye.

Objective To observe the effect of internal boundary membrane stripping combined with intrabbular injection of triamcinolone (TA) in the treatment of PDR silicone oil eye with macular edema. Methods Patients were treated in our hospital for minimally invasive vitrectomy due to PDR, for postoperative macular edema, oil extraction should be combined with internal boundary membrane stripping and intrabulbar injection of TA. BCVA and macular edema were observed before and after surgery. Results BCVA and macular edema improved after operation, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The patients with PDR silicone oil eyes complicated with macular edema, surgical treatment using oil extraction combined with inner boundary membrane stripping and intrabbular injection of TA can effectively reduce macular edema, improve the best corrected visual acuity.

Cataract is the main cause of blindness worldwide. The normal crystalline lens is a transparent biconvex disc,with highest protein content in all human tissues. The lens is composed of capsule, lens epithelial cells, lens fiber and zonular ligment. Cataract is a decrease in the transparency of the lens, which is characterized by opacity. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular biology, epigenetics, immunology and organic chemistry,researchers have conducted a large number of studies on the molecular basis of genetic or targeted therapy of cataract. It is important to know the molecular pathology of cataract, which is the basis of precise diagnosis and treatment of cataract.