登革热是由登革病毒引起的全球性虫媒传染病，近年来发病率在全球范围内呈指数级增长。随着登革热的流行，其相关眼部并发症逐渐受到眼科医生的关注。登革相关眼病（dengue-associated ocular diseases, DAOD）作为登革热感染的重要系统性并发症其病理机制涉及多个方面，包括病毒亚型、非结构蛋白 1（non-structureprotein, NS1）病毒抗原、宿主的抗 DENV NS1 抗体及免疫炎症反应等，这些因素的相互作用，引发一系列眼部并发症。DAOD的临床谱系复杂，可累及结膜、葡萄膜、视网膜、视神经和眼外肌等多个眼部结构，病变严重程度个体间差异较大，从自限性结膜出血到威胁视力的视神经炎等，临床表现多样，进一步增加了诊断和治疗的难度。由于缺乏明确的诊断金标准，DAOD的诊断通常需结合患者的全身症状、登革热特异性抗体血清学检测，以及眼部症状、临床特征和影像学检查等进行综合分析。治疗上则需根据患者具体情况制定个性化方案，以缓解症状、防止病情恶化并促进康复。本文旨在全面综述 DAOD的流行病学特征、发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗策略等方面的研究进展，为临床医生提供更全面、更准确的指导，从而提高 DAOD的诊治水平，降低患者致残率。

Dengue fever is a globally prevalent insect-borne disease caused by dengue virus, and its incidence has witnessed an exponential rise worldwide in recent years. Alongside the dengue fever epidemic, its related ocular complications have gradually drawn the attention of ophthalmologists. As a significant systemic complication of dengue infection, Dengue-associated Ocular Diseases (DAOD) have a multifaced pathological mechanism. This encompasses various factors, such as viral subtypes, non-structural protein 1 (NS1) viral antigens, host anti-DENV NS1 antibodies, and immune inflammatory responses. The clinical spectrum of DAOD is intricate, affecting multiple ocular structures including the conjunctiva, uvea, retina, optic nerve and extraocular muscles. The severity of lesions varies greatly among individuals, ranging from self-limited conjunctival hemorrhage to vision-threatening conditions like optic neuritis. This wide array of clinical manifestations further complicates the diagnosis and treatment process. Given the absence of a definitive gold standard for diagnosis, the diagnosing DAOD typically necessitates a thorough analysis encompassing the patient's systemic symptoms, dengue-specific antibody serological testing, ocular symptoms, clinical features, and imaging examinations. Treatment approaches are tailored to each individual, aiming to alleviate symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and facilitate recovery. The objective of this article is to conduct a comprehensively review of the research advancements in the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment strategies of DAOD. It aims to furnish clinicians with more comprehensive and precise guidance, thereby enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of DAOD and reducing the disability rate among patients.

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetes retinopathy, DR)是糖尿病常见的眼部并发症，其病理过程复杂，涉及多种细胞及炎症因子。Müller细胞作为视网膜主要支持细胞，在DR中不仅产生白介素-17(interleukin-17, IL-17)，还作为其主要靶点发挥作用，通过谷氨酸代谢异常、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)分泌增加及调控参与DR的病理过程，加重炎症反应。IL-17主要由辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17, Th17)分泌，通过促进多种炎症介质(如细胞因子、趋化因子和金属蛋白酶)的分泌，增强炎症反应，导致视网膜微血管损害和神经元凋亡，促进DR的发展。高糖环境下，Müller细胞功能受损，IL-17进一步加剧其功能障碍形成恶性循环。研究表明，阻断IL-17及核因子-κB激活剂1(Nuclear factor-kappa B activator 1, Act1)/肿瘤坏死因子受体关联因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, TRAF6)/核因子-κB(Nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB)信号通路可减轻DR的病理改变，为DR的治疗提供了新的思路。因此，深入研究IL-17与Müller细胞在DR中的相互作用机制，对于研究该疾病的发病机制及开发精准有效的治疗策略具有重要意义。

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a common ocular complication of diabetes, characterized by a complex pathological process involving multiple cells and inflammatory factors. Müller cells, as the primary supporting cells of the retina, not only produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) but also serve as a primary target in DR. They participate in the pathological process of DR by contributing to abnormal glutamate metabolism, increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and regulatory functions, thereby exacerbating the inflammatory response. IL-17 is primarily secreted by T helper cell 17 (Th17) cells and enhances the inflammatory response by promoting the secretion of various inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases), leading to retinal microvascular damage and neuronal apoptosis, which accelerates the progression of DR. In a high-glucose environment, Müller cell function is impaired, and IL-17 further exacerbates this dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle. Studies have shown that blocking the IL-17 and Act1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathways can mitigate the pathological changes associated with DR, providing new insights for the treatment of this disease. Therefore, conducting in-depth research on the interaction mechanism between IL-17 and Müller cells in DR is of great significance for exploring the pathogenesis of this disease and developing precise and effective treatment strategies.

目的：初步评价折叠顶压球囊(foldable capsule buckle,FCB)治疗孔源性视网膜脱离(rhegmatogenous retinaldetachment,RRD)的有效性、安全性以及手术可操作性。方法：裂孔位置距角膜缘后≥15 mm的采用前瞻性临床病例研究。选择2020年3月至2021年9月在济南明水眼科医院院行FCB植入术治疗裂孔位置距角膜缘后≥15 mm的10例RRD患者(10眼)。应用眼部B型超声、眼底照相评价手术效果。根据术后有无FCB是否暴露、复视情况、排斥反应、眼球运动障碍等术后并发症的发生情况评价手术的疗效和安全性。结果：随访6个月~2年。10例RRD患者在术后通过眼部B超、眼底照相及光学相干断层扫描(opticalcoherence tomography,OCT)评估视网膜均复位。1例合并黄斑区视网膜脱离的患者视力提高。9例患者术后出现复视，术后1~3个月复视消失，1例在术后4个月仍存在复视，行FCB取出，术后视网膜未出现再脱离，复视症状消失。结论：初步研究可确定折叠顶压球囊植入治疗裂孔位置比较靠后(距角膜缘后≥15 mm)且传统巩膜扣带术操作难度大的孔源性视网膜脱离安全、有效，对眼球损伤小，易于操作。

Objective: To preliminarily evaluate the effectiveness, safety and surgical operability of foldable capsule buckle (FCB) in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: It is a prospective clinical case study. Ten patients (10 eyes), with a distance of ≥ 15 mm from the posterior margin of the angular membrane at the location of the fissure, who underwent FCB implantation surgery for RRD at Jinan Mingshui Ophthalmology Hospital from March 2020 to September 2021 were enrolled. The surgical outcome was evaluated by B-ultrasound, fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The surgical efficay and safety were evaluated by the postoperative complications, such as FCB exposure, diplopia, rejection, and eye movement limitation. Results: The mean follow-up time was 1 year (6 months to 2 years). Retinal reattachment was evaluated by B-ultrasound, fundus photography and OCT after operation in 10 patients. One patient with macular retinal detachment had improved visual acuity. 9 patients developed diplopia after operation, but diplopia disappears 1-3 months after operation. One patient still had diplopia 4 months after operation, and FCB was removed 4 months after operation. No retinal detachment occurred after operation, and the symptoms of diplopia disappeared.Conclusion: It is confirmed by this preliminary research that the implantation of the foldable capsule buckle is safe and effective to treat rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a relatively posterior position (≥15 mm from the back of the corneal limbus) with little damage to the ocular and easy to operate, compared with the difficulty and complexity in traditional scleral buckling surgery.

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)是发生于老年期或老年前期的中枢神经系统退行性病变，以进行性认知功能障碍为特征。随着社会老龄化加剧，AD已成为全球公共卫生问题，亟需研发更敏感、便捷和经济的筛查技术进行早期防控。眼球运动与认知功能密切相关，且眼球运动检查有非侵入性、成本低、检查时间短等优点。研究眼球运动异常和认知功能障碍之间的相关性，有助于研发更简便易操作的认知功能障碍筛查工具。随着人工智能技术的发展，机器学习算法强大的特征提取和计算能力对处理眼球运动检查结果有显著优势。本文对既往AD患者与眼球运动异常之间的相关性研究进行综述，并对机器学习算法模型辅助下，基于眼球运动异常模式进行认知功能障碍早期筛查技术开发的研究前景予以展望。

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs in old age or early old age. It is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction. With the world population aging, AD has become a global public health problem. The development of a more sensitive, convenient, and economic screening technology for AD is urgently needed. The eye movement function is closely related to cognitive function. Moreover, eye movement examination has advantages including non-invasiveness, low cost, and short examination time. Researches on the correlation between abnormal eye movement and cognitive dysfunction can help to develop a simple and easy-to-use screening tool for cognitive dysfunction. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the dominant feature extraction and computing capabilities of machine learning algorithms have a significant advantage in processing eye movement inspection results. This article reviews the correlation between AD and eye movement abnormalities aiming to provide the research prospects of early screening technology development for cognitive dysfunction based on abnormal eye movement with the application of machine learning models.

目的：分析某三甲眼科专科医院近5年临床诊疗涉及非手术常规血液检验项目的申请检测情况，为眼科医师了解检验辅助诊断概况、专科医院的实验室项目管理和开展新项目提供依据。方法：从中山大学中山眼科中心医学检验信息管理系统导出2018年1月1日至2022年12月31日期间到院申请进行血液检测的12 866例门诊患者的22 453份样本(共94 081项检验项目)相关检验记录。将申请检测科室及专科医师按照中华医学会眼科学分会推荐分为10个亚专科，对疾病诊断和检测项目等资料进行统计分析，采用文字、柱状图及折线图的形式进行描述。结果：5年间申请进行血液检测的12 866例门诊患者，男性患者6 356例(49.4%)，女性患者6 510例(50.6%)。基于首诊眼病诊断分类，排名前三位的眼病分别为眼整形/眼肿瘤病5 214例 (40.5%)、眼底病 3 487例(27.1%)、角膜病1 711例(13.3%)。申请检测样本量从2018年的3 163份增至2022年的5 903份，总体呈上升趋势。从申请的专科医师分析，眼整形/眼眶病专科医师申请单最多，有6 751份(占30.1%)，其中自身免疫性疾病检测所占比例最高，为49.1%，甲状腺疾病相关检测占41.9%；眼免疫专科医师申请检测量为4 214份(占18.8%)，以自身免疫性疾病检测为主占55.7%，感染性项目检测占32.5%；眼底病专科医师申请检测量为3 629份(16.2%)，其中自身免疫性疾病检测和感染性项目检测分别占47.8%和39.6%；角膜病专科医师申请数为1 436份(占6.4%)，其中过敏性疾病检测比例为41.2%。基于一份申请单可同时检测多个项目，眼整形/眼眶专科申请检测总项最多，有33 513项，甲

状腺疾病检测占65.0%；角膜病专科申请16 482项，过敏性疾病检测占83.4%，眼底病专科和眼免疫专科分别为8 794项和8 047项，均以自身免疫性疾病检测为主，分别占42.5%和40.4%。结论：眼科专科医院中非手术常规检验项目在各亚专科的申请数量明显分布不均，项目构成受亚专科疾病特点的影响。眼科实验室应针对性加强非手术常规检测项目的宣传和管理。

Objective: To analyze the application and testing of non-surgical routine blood test items in clinical diagnosis and treatment in a top-tier ophthalmic hospital over the past five years, providing ophthalmologists with insights into the overview of laboratory-assisted diagnosis, laboratory project management in specialized hospitals, and the basis for launching new projects. Methods: Relevant test records of 22,453 samples (totaling 94,081 test items) from 12,866 outpatient patients who applied for blood tests at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, were retrieved from the medical laboratory information management system. The departments applying for tests and specialist physicians were divided into 10 subspecialties according to the recommendations of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Statistical analysis was performed on disease diagnosis and test items, and the results were described in the form of text, bar graphs, and line graphs. Results: Among the 12,866 outpatient patients who applied for blood tests over the five-year period, 6,356 (49.4%) were male and 6,510 (50.6%) were female. Based on the classification of first-visit ophthalmic diseases, the top three were ophthalmic plastic surgery/ocular tumor diseases (5,214 cases, 40.5%), fundus diseases (3,487 cases, 27.1%), and corneal diseases (1,711 cases, 13.3%). The number of samples applied for testing increased from 3,163 in 2018 to 5,903 in 2022, showing an overall upward trend. From the perspective of specialist physicians applying for tests, ophthalmic plastic surgery/orbital disease specialists had the highest number of applications, with 6,751 (30.1%), among which autoimmune disease testing accounted for the highest proportion, at 49.1%, and thyroid disease-related testing accounted for 41.9%. The number of applications from ophthalmic immunology specialists was 4,214 (18.8%), with autoimmune disease testing accounting for 55.7% and infectious disease testing accounting for 32.5%. The number of applications from fundus disease specialists was 3,629 (16.2%), with autoimmune disease testing and infectious disease testing accounting for 47.8% and 39.6%, respectively. The number of applications from corneal disease specialists was 1,436 (6.4%), with allergic disease testing accounting for 41.2%. Since multiple tests could be performed on a single application, the ophthalmic plastic surgery/orbital disease subspecialty had the highest total number of tests applied for, with 33,513 tests, of which thyroid disease testing accounted for 65.0%. The corneal disease subspecialty applied for 16,482 tests, with allergic disease testing accounting for 83.4%. The fundus disease subspecialty and ophthalmic immunology subspecialty respectively applied for 8,794 and 8,047 tests, both primarily focused on autoimmune disease testing, accounting for 42.5% and 40.4%, respectively. Conclusions: The number of applications for non-surgical routine test items in ophthalmic specialized hospitals is significantly unevenly distributed among various subspecialties, and the composition of the items is influenced by the characteristics of diseases in each subspecialty. Ophthalmic laboratories should strengthen the promotion and management of non-surgical routine test items in a targeted manner.

目的：依托最新的第5代移动通信技术(5th generation wireless systems，5G)，构建基于眼底图片的5G医疗眼科远程诊断平台，促进医疗资源上下贯通，提升基层服务能力及医疗服务体系整体效能。方法：基于5G时代医院的信息化发展战略，在海南省卫生健康委员会的资助与指导下，中山大学中山眼科中心海南眼科医院与中国联通通信集团海南有限公司等进行跨行业、多学科的技术力量研究开发，构建5G条件下的平台建设模块和技术路线，确定远程眼科诊断流程，并在海南省内多地区应用。结果：远程诊断平台运行良好。2020年12月至2021年11月，本研究共在海南省17个地区的186个卫生院中开展，共收集1561例患者眼底病图片数据，筛查阳性例数为185例，检出眼底病总阳性率为11.9%。其中有42例需要转诊治疗，转诊率为23%；143例不需要转诊治疗，非转诊率为77%。在1561例眼底图像中，采集异常的眼底图像有490例。排除490例异常眼底图像后，辅助诊断系统与人工诊断结果有1 002张眼底图像诊断相同，69张眼底图像诊断不同，其辅助诊断系统准确率为93.3%。结论：5G移动通信与远程医学影像结合，运用互联网科技催生新型医疗生产力，提高卫生经济的质量和效率，是医疗领域探索5G应用场景的一项应用典范。

Objective: Relying on the latest 5th generation wireless systems (5G), a remote primary ophthalmology care diagnosis platform based on fundus images was constructed in order to promote the connectivity of medical resources and improve the primary health service capabilities and the overall effectiveness of the medical service system. Methods: Based on the 5G informatization development strategy of hospitals, and under the funding and guidance of the Hainan Provincial Health Commission, the Hainan Eye Hospital of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and China Unicom Communications Group Hainan Co., Ltd. conducted a cross-industry, multi-disciplinary technical research. To build platform construction modules and technical routes under 5G networks, present the remote ophthalmological diagnosis process, and apply it in many regions in Hainan Province. Results: The performance of the remote diagnosis platform is well. From December 2020 to November 2021, this study was carried out in 186 health centers in 17 regions of Hainan Province. A total of 1 561 patients with fundus disease image data were collected. The number of positive screening fundus disease cases was 185. The total positive rate was 11.9%. Among them, 42 cases required referral for treatment, with a referral rate of 23%, and 143 cases did not require referral for treatment, with a non-referral rate of 77%. Among 1 561 cases of fundus images, 490 fundus images were excluded due to abnormal quality. Compared the results of the diagnosis platform system with manual diagnosis, 1 002 fundus images were identical, and 69 fundus images were different in diagnosis. The accuracy of the auxiliary diagnosis system was 93.3%. Conclusions: The collaboration of 5G mobile communication and telemedicine imaging, combined with internet technology to promote new medical productivity, improve quality and efficiency of the health economy. This study is an application model for exploring 5G application scenarios in the medical field.

全身疾病通过一定途径累及眼球，产生眼部病变，这些眼部病变的严重程度与全身疾病的进展密切相关。人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)通过识别眼部病变，可以实现对全身疾病的评估，从而实现全身疾病早期诊断。检测巩膜黄染程度可评估黄疸；检测眼球后动脉血流动力学可评估肝硬化；检测视盘水肿，黄斑变性可评估慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease，CKD)进展；检测眼底血管损伤可评估糖尿病、高血压、动脉粥样硬化。临床医生可以通过眼部影像评估全身疾病的风险，其准确度依赖于临床医生的经验水平，而AI识别眼部病变评估全身疾病的准确度可与临床医生相媲美，在联合多种检测指标后，AI模型的特异性与敏感度均可得到显著提升，因此，充分利用AI可实现全身疾病的早诊早治。

Systemic diseases affect eyeballs through certain ways, resulting in eye diseases; The severity of eye diseases is closely related to the progress of systemic diseases. By identifying eye diseases, artificial intelligence (AI) can assess systemic diseases, so as to make early diagnosis of systemic diseases. For example, detection of the degree of icteric sclera can be used to assess jaundice. Detection of the hemodynamics of posterior eyeball can be used to evaluate cirrhosis. Detection of optic disc edema and macular degeneration can be used to evaluate the progress of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Detection of ocular fundus vascular injury can be used to assess diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Clinicians can estimate the risk of systemic diseases through eye images, and its accuracy depends on the experience level of clinicians, while the accuracy of AI in identifying eye diseases and evaluating systemic diseases can be comparable to clinicians. After combining various detection indexes, the specificity and sensitivity of AI model can be significantly improved, so early diagnosis and early treatment of systemic diseases can be realized by making full use of AI.

目的：分析免疫抑制状态下，无猫接触史、不伴玻璃体混浊且视网膜呈现大片状黄白色坏死灶的弓形虫视网膜炎患者的误诊原因及临床表现。 方法：病例系列研究。收集2021年9月—2023年4月于中山大学中山眼科中心确诊的不典型弓形虫视网膜炎患者临床资料,分析其误诊原因、临床表现及治疗预后。结果：纳入3例患者（5眼），患者均为女性，其中1例对侧眼1年前诊断为“葡萄膜炎”导致无光感，其余2例均为双眼先后发病。年龄为31~34岁，从发病到确诊，病程1~2个月。3例患者均无猫接触史。均因全身疾病而使用大剂量免疫抑制药物：2例为慢性系统性红斑狼疮患者，不规则治疗后出现复发；1例患者因“暴发性肝坏死”，进行肝移植手术，术后使用免疫抑制抗排斥药物。眼底检查显示玻璃体无明显混浊，眼底图上有大片状黄白色视网膜病灶，在光学相干断层扫描（optical coherence tomography, OCT）上表现为坏死样改变。首诊均误诊为急性视网膜坏死或巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎，2例患者还伴有EB病毒阳性，行局部及全身抗病毒治疗，视力进一步下降伴坏死灶进一步扩大。转诊至中山大学中山眼科中心后，补充房水检测均提示弓形虫DNA强阳性。予抗弓形虫治疗后视网膜坏死灶明显吸收，视力提高。结论：在免疫抑制状态下，弓形虫视网膜炎可表现为非典型的大片状视网膜坏死、无玻璃体混浊及无猫接触史，易被误诊为其他视网膜炎症。临床医生应高度警惕免疫抑制人群中弓形虫视网膜炎的可能性，及时进行房水弓形虫DNA检测有助于明确诊断并改善预后。

Objective: Vitreous opacity and cat contact history are two major diagnostic criteria for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. This study aimed to explore the causes of misdiagnosis and the clinical manifestations of patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis who present with large yellowish-white necrotic retinal lesions but lack both a history of cat exposure history and vitreous opacity. Methods: This was a case series study. We collected clinical data from three patients diagnosed at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University between September 2021 and April 2023. All patients presented without a history of cat contact or vitreous opacity.The causes of misdiagnosis, clinical features, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The study included three patients (five eyes), all of them were female. One patient had no light perception in the contralateral eye after a 3-year disease course, while the other two exhibited bilateral involvement. The patients’ ages ranged from 31 to 34 years, and the duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 1–2 months. None reported exposure to cats, but all were immunocompromised: two had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with irregular treatment and relapse, and one had underwent liver transplantation for "fulminant hepatic necrosis" and was receiving post-transplant immunosuppression. Fundus examination revealed no vitreous opacity, and retinal lesions appeared as large yellowish-white changes on fundus photography and necrotic changes on optical coherence tomography(OCT). Initially, all cases were misdiagnosed as acute retinal necrosis or cytomegalovirus retinitis, with 2 cases testing positive for herpesvirus DNA. Antiviral therapies were applied, which led to worsened vision and progression of the lesions. Subsequent referral testing of aqueous humor confirmed the presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA. Anti-toxoplasma treatment resulted in significant resolution of the lesions and improvement in vision. Conclusions: In immunocompromised individuals, the presence of large necrotic retinal lesions without vitreous opacity or a history of cat exposure should raise suspicion for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. This awareness is crucial to prevent delayed diagnosis and subsequent vision loss.

眼睑基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma of eyelid, BCC)是眼附属器中最为常见的恶性肿瘤，近年来，其全球发病率呈持续上升趋势，且患者发病年龄有明显年轻化的倾向，这不仅增加了疾病的公共卫生负担，也对临床防治策略提出了更高要求。本文综述了眼睑BCC在诊疗领域的最新研究进展。在诊断方面，除传统组织病理学检查外，皮肤镜、反射共聚焦显微镜(reflectance confocal microscope, RCM)和光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)等新技术的应用不仅显著提升了诊断灵敏度与特异度，更在肿瘤亚型鉴别和边界描绘方面展现出独特优势。在分子机制研究方面，代谢组学揭示了眼睑BCC存在显著的代谢重编程，包括脂质代谢、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD)代谢、多胺代谢以及葡萄糖代谢等多条代谢通路的异常活化。更为前沿的空间代谢组学技术则将代谢信息与组织空间位置相结合，进一步验证了磺酸、羟基吡啶硫酮等特异性代谢物在肿瘤发生发展中的潜在生物标志物价值。治疗方面，除了传统手术治疗之外，放射治疗的技术革新，以及针对Hedgehog信号通路的靶向药物及免疫抑制剂等免疫疗法的突破，为晚期/转移性患者带来了革命性的治疗转机。文章旨在为未来的眼睑BCC预防和治疗策略提供新的见解，并为临床医生提供新的诊疗思路。

Eyelid basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most prevalent malignant tumor of the ocular adnexa, has seen a steady rise in global incidence, accompanied by a notable trend toward earlier onset. This trend not only exacerbates the public health burden but also imposes greater demands on clinical strategies for prevention and management. This article reviews the latest research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of eyelid BCC. In diagnostic practice, alongside conventional histopathological examination, the incorporation of novel technologies—such as dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT)—has markedly enhanced diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, while offering distinct advantages in tumor subtype differentiation and margin assessment. Metabolomic analyses reveal pronounced metabolic reprogramming in eyelid BCC, with aberrant activation of lipid, NAD, polyamine, and glucose metabolism. Spatial metabolomics further supports the biomarker potential of metabolites such as taurine and pyrithione in tumor initiation and progression. Beyond conventional surgery, advances in radiotherapy, targeted Hedgehog pathway inhibitors, and immunotherapies have created new opportunities for advanced or metastatic eyelid BCC. This review highlights emerging strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, offering clinicians fresh perspectives for patient management.

碳点是一种新型荧光碳纳米材料，直径一般小于10 nm，具有自发荧光、高生物组织相容性、易于修饰、成本低廉等优点，在生物医学领域拥有广阔的应用前景。眼球因其独特的屏障结构，常规药物停留时间短、穿透性差，通过局部滴眼到达病灶的药物浓度有限，需要增加给药频次以保持药效。另外，糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)、脉络膜新生血管(diabetic macular edema,CNV)等疾病的治疗给药则需依赖于玻璃体腔注射，该方法属于有创操作，有引起潜在并发症的可能，且需多次注射，给患者造成了沉重的心理和经济负担。优化眼部给药方法一直是眼科学领域的研究热点。基于碳点的优异特性，碳点在眼部药物递送、眼部成像、眼疾病诊疗中已展现出优秀的应用潜力。本综述将综合介绍碳点的特点及近十年来碳点在眼科疾病诊疗中的研究进展，旨在提供关于碳点在眼科应用现状的系统性认识，为未来研究提供方向。

Carbon dots is a new type of fluorescent carbon nanomaterial, which the diameter is generally less than 10 nm, has the advantages of self-fluorescence, remarkable biocompatibility, easy modification, low cost and so on, has a broad application prospect in the biomedical field. Due to the unique barrier of the eye, conventional drugs have a short residence time and poor penetration, so the concentration of drugs that can reach the lesions through local eye drops is limited, and for what to increase the frequency of administration to maintain efficacy. Up to now, the treatment of posterior eye diseases, such as diabetic macular edema (DME), choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and other diseases still rely on repeated vitreous injection, which is an invasive procedure with potential complications, and need multiple injections, causing a heavy psychological and economic burden on patients. Optimizing the method of ocular drug delivery has always been a hot topic in the field of ophthalmology. Carbon dots have shown excellent application potential in the ocular drug delivery, ocular imaging, and diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease based on its excellent characteristics. This review will systematically introduce the characteristics of carbon dots and the application of carbon dots in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current situation of the application of carbon dots in ophthalmology and provide directions for future research.