Objective: To design a method for extracting dynamic and static information of the pupil and to establish a database of pupil dynamic and static information in a healthy population. Methods: From January to July 2023, subjects without any ocular or systemic diseases were recruited from the ophthalmology outpatient department. An industrial-grade infrared camera, paired with an 850nm infrared light source, was used to record 20-second videos of the pupil area of each subject. Horizontal pupil diameter data was extracted and saved as txt files. The data was analyzed using R software to construct fitted lines of peaks and troughs during the pupil constriction and dilation process, and the frequency of pupil contraction and dilation was estimated. Results: Pupil dynamic data was collected from 32 subjects (64 eyes) with an age range of 7 to 61 years, of whom 50% were male. The spherical equivalent range was from +5.00D to -6.25D. The average number of pupil contractions and dilations within the 20-second recordings was 15 ± 7 cycles. Based on the trend of fitted lines for peaks and troughs, pupil dynamic types were categorized into three types: dilation type, stable type, and contraction type. The stable type was further divided into stable dilation, stable constant, and stable contraction subtypes. A paired t-test showed no significant difference in the slope and intercept of the fitted lines for peaks and troughs between both eyes. Conclusion: Low-cost and simple equipment combined with algorithms can efficiently and quickly extract dynamic and static pupil information.
Objective: To design a method for extracting dynamic and static information of the pupil and to establish a database of pupil dynamic and static information in a healthy population. Methods: From January to July 2023, subjects without any ocular or systemic diseases were recruited from the ophthalmology outpatient department. An industrial-grade infrared camera, paired with an 850nm infrared light source, was used to record 20-second videos of the pupil area of each subject. Horizontal pupil diameter data was extracted and saved as txt files. The data was analyzed using R software to construct fitted lines of peaks and troughs during the pupil constriction and dilation process, and the frequency of pupil contraction and dilation was estimated. Results: Pupil dynamic data was collected from 32 subjects (64 eyes) with an age range of 7 to 61 years, of whom 50% were male. The spherical equivalent range was from +5.00D to -6.25D. The average number of pupil contractions and dilations within the 20-second recordings was 15 ± 7 cycles. Based on the trend of fitted lines for peaks and troughs, pupil dynamic types were categorized into three types: dilation type, stable type, and contraction type. The stable type was further divided into stable dilation, stable constant, and stable contraction subtypes. A paired t-test showed no significant difference in the slope and intercept of the fitted lines for peaks and troughs between both eyes. Conclusion: Low-cost and simple equipment combined with algorithms can efficiently and quickly extract dynamic and static pupil information.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of blindness in people of working age. Glycemic variability (GV) refers to the degree of fluctuations in blood glucose levels. According to recent studies, GV is closely related to the metabolic status and microvascular complications of diabetes. It is also a risk factor for promoting the progression of DR. GV may accelerate the progression of DR by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and angiogenesis. This paper aim to elucidate the definition, the indexes, effects of GV on diabetes and DR, the mechanism of GV and the treatment of GV, providing a new perspectives for further understanding the mechanism of DR and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
前段巨眼(anterior megalophthalmos, AM)是一种罕见的双侧非进展性先天性眼前段扩大疾病，表现为大角膜、角膜厚度正常或轻中度变薄、前房明显加深、睫状环扩大和悬韧带松弛。早期症状可仅表现为角膜散光和屈光不正等，并发性白内障和晶状体脱位是AM患者视力下降的主要原因。眼前段解剖结构的异常使AM患者的白内障手术具有很大的挑战性。首先，极端前房深度引起的有效晶状体位置(ELP)预测误差及公式选择不当是导致其术后较大屈光误差的主要原因；其次，悬韧带松弛易导致晶状体脱位、后囊膜破裂和玻璃体脱出等术中并发症的发生；由于超大囊袋及悬韧带松弛，人工晶状体(IOL)偏心甚至脱位也是术后常见的并发症。因此，需根据患者悬韧带情况、晶状体混浊程度采取合适的手术方式及谨慎选择IOL的类型。采用手法小切口晶状体囊外摘除术，可避免超声乳化的高灌注压对悬韧带的进一步损伤，增加手术的安全性；植入光学面及襻宽大的IOL术后具有较好的稳定性；新公式如Barrett Universal Ⅱ、Kane和EVO等公式具有较好的屈光预测准确性。然而，目前关于AM患者的白内障手术治疗报道仍属于个案报道，未来还需要更大样本量的临床研究进一步证实。
Corneal disease is the main cause of blindness. There are about 30 million patients with corneal blindness every year in the world. Corneal transplantation is an effective treatment for corneal blindness. However, due to problems such as insufficient donors, immune rejection, and corneal preservation, only more than 100,000 people successfully undergo corneal transplantation each year. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions to solve the problem of donor shortage. In recent years, with the development of material science and tissue engineering, the research of artificial cornea has made important progress. In this paper, the research progress of artificial cornea is reviewed from the aspect of tissue engineering, and the future research direction is prospected.
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common ophthalmic emergency characterized by obstruction of retinal venous return, resulting in retinal ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammation. Macular edema (ME) is one of the important complications of RVO, which seriously affects the vision of patients. At present, there are a variety of clinical treatment methods for ME, anti-VEGF as the first-line treatment of ME, most patients have achieved good results, but some patients have unsatisfactory effect after anti-VEGF therapy or are prone to recurrence, so it is necessary to further explore other pathways or targets involved in the pathological mechanism of RVO to fundamentally solve the problem and improve the prognosis of patients. Microglia, as the main immune cells in the retina, play an important role in a variety of retinal diseases. Studies have shown that microglial activation is one of the key links in the occurrence and development of ME secondary to RVO. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the mechanis
Pachychoroid disease (PCD) represents a group of disorders characterized by pathological choroidal thickening. The characteristic changes include dilated choroidal vessels in Haller's layer, thinning of the choriocapillaris and Sattler's layer, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities overlying the pachyvessels. The PCD primarily encompasses uncomplicated pachychoroid (UCP), pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Traditional fundus examination is limited to the posterior pole in single-frame imaging, making it challenging to comprehensively evaluate the extent of lesions. Wide-field imaging technology has overcome this limitation, with its imaging range covering from the posterior pole to the ampulla of vortex veins at the equator (approximately 60-100°), while ultra-wide-field imaging can extend from the posterior pole to the pars plana (approximately 110-220°). This technological advancement has not only expanded the observation range of PCD fundus lesions but also enhanced the assessment capabilities of choroidal structure and function, providing new perspectives for investigating PCD pathogenesis. In recent years, deep learning-based artificial intelligence technology has achieved significant breakthroughs in PCD-assisted diagnosis, demonstrating excellent capability in identifying and classifying PCD-related diseases. This has contributed to significantly improving diagnostic efficiency in primary healthcare institutions and optimizing medical resource allocation. This review summarizes the advances in wide-field fundus imaging technologies for the assessment and diagnosis of PCD.
Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is one of the common manifestations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), posing a significant threat to the patients’ vision. With the rapid advancement of imaging technology, the visualization of PED structure and content has improved considerably. The diagnostic methods and classification systerms of PED are also evolving, enabling researchers to further explore its pathogenesis and disease coures. However, current PED classification systems are numerous, with overlapping concepts that may cause confusion. This article reviews existing relative literature on AMD-related PED, summarizing the classification systerms, multimodal imaging features, and recent imaging advances. The objective of this article is to standardize the diagnosis and guide treatment of PED, to provide systermatic reference to the future reaserch, ultimately advancing both clinical and research efforts related to PED.
The cornea has a high degree of transparency due to its unique internal structure, and as a major refractive site in the anterior eye, corneal disorders seriously affect patients' vision and daily life. Zinc-dependent protein hydrolases MMPs play an important role in many diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis and atherosclerosis, by participating in tissue protein degradation and remodelling, angiogenesis and so on. Among them, the role of gelatinase MMP-2 in ocular diseases has also been gradually explored and studied. Herpes simplex virus keratitis is highly blinding, and repeated episodes can lead to gradual opacification and deterioration of the cornea, ultimately resulting in blindness. By analysing the mechanism of MMP-2 in herpesvirus keratitis and corneal ulcers, it was found that specific inhibition of MMP-2 has a certain application prospect in keratitis, and relevant drug therapy research can be appropriately intensified in the future to provide new and effective therapeutic options for patients with corneal diseases.
